SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwid...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760/full |
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| author | Gisela Canedo-Marroquín Farides Saavedra Catalina A. Andrade Roslye V. Berrios Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte María C. Opazo Claudia A. Riedel Alexis M. Kalergis Alexis M. Kalergis |
| author_facet | Gisela Canedo-Marroquín Farides Saavedra Catalina A. Andrade Roslye V. Berrios Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte María C. Opazo Claudia A. Riedel Alexis M. Kalergis Alexis M. Kalergis |
| author_sort | Gisela Canedo-Marroquín |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine—a promising drug in the beginning—were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T08:30:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5f8d72048e9643349da8f6a0b29a0005 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T08:30:52Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-5f8d72048e9643349da8f6a0b29a00052022-12-21T20:29:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242020-12-011110.3389/fimmu.2020.569760569760SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and TreatmentsGisela Canedo-Marroquín0Farides Saavedra1Catalina A. Andrade2Roslye V. Berrios3Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte4María C. Opazo5Claudia A. Riedel6Alexis M. Kalergis7Alexis M. Kalergis8Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, ChileMillennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileThe World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine—a promising drug in the beginning—were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760/fullSARS-CoV-2COVID-19immune responsetreatmentsvaccines |
| spellingShingle | Gisela Canedo-Marroquín Farides Saavedra Catalina A. Andrade Roslye V. Berrios Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte María C. Opazo Claudia A. Riedel Alexis M. Kalergis Alexis M. Kalergis SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments Frontiers in Immunology SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 immune response treatments vaccines |
| title | SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments |
| title_full | SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments |
| title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments |
| title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments |
| title_short | SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments |
| title_sort | sars cov 2 immune response elicited by infection and development of vaccines and treatments |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 immune response treatments vaccines |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760/full |
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