Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

The influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Particularly concerning is the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which has spread from Europe to North and Central/South America. This review presents recent developments in IAV evolution in bir...

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Main Authors: Marcos Godoy, Marco Montes de Oca, Diego Caro, Juan Pablo Pontigo, Molly Kibenge, Frederick Kibenge
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-10-01
Series:Pathogens
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1252
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author Marcos Godoy
Marco Montes de Oca
Diego Caro
Juan Pablo Pontigo
Molly Kibenge
Frederick Kibenge
author_facet Marcos Godoy
Marco Montes de Oca
Diego Caro
Juan Pablo Pontigo
Molly Kibenge
Frederick Kibenge
author_sort Marcos Godoy
collection DOAJ
description The influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Particularly concerning is the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which has spread from Europe to North and Central/South America. This review presents recent developments in IAV evolution in birds, mammals, and humans in Chile. Chile’s encounter with IAV began in 2002, with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus, derived from a unique South American low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. In 2016–2017, LPAI H7N6 caused outbreaks in turkey, linked to wild birds in Chile and Bolivia. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus in 2009 decreased egg production in turkeys. Since 2012, diverse IAV subtypes have emerged in backyard poultry and pigs. Reassortant AIVs, incorporating genes from both North and South American isolates, have been found in wild birds since 2007. Notably, from December 2022, HPAI H5N1 was detected in wild birds, sea lions, and a human, along Chile’s north coast. It was introduced through Atlantic migratory flyways from North America. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced biosecurity on poultry farms and ongoing genomic surveillance to understand and manage AIVs in both wild and domestic bird populations in Chile.
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spelling doaj.art-5fa3f5bacb33487db65ab16b6f50ef202023-11-19T17:40:41ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-10-011210125210.3390/pathogens12101252Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A ReviewMarcos Godoy0Marco Montes de Oca1Diego Caro2Juan Pablo Pontigo3Molly Kibenge4Frederick Kibenge5Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, ChileCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, ChileCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, ChileLaboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5480000, ChileDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, CanadaThe influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Particularly concerning is the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which has spread from Europe to North and Central/South America. This review presents recent developments in IAV evolution in birds, mammals, and humans in Chile. Chile’s encounter with IAV began in 2002, with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus, derived from a unique South American low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. In 2016–2017, LPAI H7N6 caused outbreaks in turkey, linked to wild birds in Chile and Bolivia. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus in 2009 decreased egg production in turkeys. Since 2012, diverse IAV subtypes have emerged in backyard poultry and pigs. Reassortant AIVs, incorporating genes from both North and South American isolates, have been found in wild birds since 2007. Notably, from December 2022, HPAI H5N1 was detected in wild birds, sea lions, and a human, along Chile’s north coast. It was introduced through Atlantic migratory flyways from North America. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced biosecurity on poultry farms and ongoing genomic surveillance to understand and manage AIVs in both wild and domestic bird populations in Chile.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1252influenza A virusavian influenza virusgenomic surveillancepoultry farmswild birdsHPAI H5N1
spellingShingle Marcos Godoy
Marco Montes de Oca
Diego Caro
Juan Pablo Pontigo
Molly Kibenge
Frederick Kibenge
Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review
Pathogens
influenza A virus
avian influenza virus
genomic surveillance
poultry farms
wild birds
HPAI H5N1
title Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review
title_full Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review
title_fullStr Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review
title_full_unstemmed Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review
title_short Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review
title_sort evolution and current status of influenza a virus in chile a review
topic influenza A virus
avian influenza virus
genomic surveillance
poultry farms
wild birds
HPAI H5N1
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1252
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