Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites
Graphene–polyamide-6 (PA6) composites with up to 17.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene content were prepared via melt mixing. Oscillatory rheometry revealed that the dynamic viscoelastic properties of PA6 decreased with the addition of 0.1%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/9/2014 |
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| author | Kok Peng Marcian Lee Milan Brandt Robert Shanks Fugen Daver |
| author_facet | Kok Peng Marcian Lee Milan Brandt Robert Shanks Fugen Daver |
| author_sort | Kok Peng Marcian Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Graphene–polyamide-6 (PA6) composites with up to 17.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene content were prepared via melt mixing. Oscillatory rheometry revealed that the dynamic viscoelastic properties of PA6 decreased with the addition of 0.1%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene but increased when the graphene content was increased to 6.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> and higher. Further analysis indicated that the rheological percolation threshold was between 6.0 and 10.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene. The Carreau–Yasuda model was used to describe the complex viscosity of the materials. Capillary rheometry was applied to assess the steady shear rheology of neat PA6 and the 17.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene–PA6 composite. High material viscosity at low shear rates coupled with intense shear-thinning in the composite highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate rheological characterisation methods, shear rates and rheological models when assessing the 3D printability of percolated graphene–polymer composites for material extrusion (ME). A method to predict the printability of an ME filament feedstock, based on fundamental equations describing material flow through the printer nozzle, in the form of a printing envelope, was developed and verified experimentally. It was found that designing filaments with steady shear viscosities of approximately 15% of the maximum printable viscosity for the desired printing conditions will be advantageous for easy ME processing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:35:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5fada0dcafd841938232c8534b1aea83 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:35:49Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-5fada0dcafd841938232c8534b1aea832023-11-20T12:28:30ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602020-09-01129201410.3390/polym12092014Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 CompositesKok Peng Marcian Lee0Milan Brandt1Robert Shanks2Fugen Daver3School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, AustraliaCentre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, AustraliaSchool of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, AustraliaSchool of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, AustraliaGraphene–polyamide-6 (PA6) composites with up to 17.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene content were prepared via melt mixing. Oscillatory rheometry revealed that the dynamic viscoelastic properties of PA6 decreased with the addition of 0.1%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene but increased when the graphene content was increased to 6.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> and higher. Further analysis indicated that the rheological percolation threshold was between 6.0 and 10.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene. The Carreau–Yasuda model was used to describe the complex viscosity of the materials. Capillary rheometry was applied to assess the steady shear rheology of neat PA6 and the 17.0%·<i>w</i>/<i>w</i> graphene–PA6 composite. High material viscosity at low shear rates coupled with intense shear-thinning in the composite highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate rheological characterisation methods, shear rates and rheological models when assessing the 3D printability of percolated graphene–polymer composites for material extrusion (ME). A method to predict the printability of an ME filament feedstock, based on fundamental equations describing material flow through the printer nozzle, in the form of a printing envelope, was developed and verified experimentally. It was found that designing filaments with steady shear viscosities of approximately 15% of the maximum printable viscosity for the desired printing conditions will be advantageous for easy ME processing.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/9/2014graphenematerial extrusion3D printingrheological propertiesprinting envelope |
| spellingShingle | Kok Peng Marcian Lee Milan Brandt Robert Shanks Fugen Daver Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites Polymers graphene material extrusion 3D printing rheological properties printing envelope |
| title | Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites |
| title_full | Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites |
| title_fullStr | Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites |
| title_short | Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites |
| title_sort | rheology and 3d printability of percolated graphene polyamide 6 composites |
| topic | graphene material extrusion 3D printing rheological properties printing envelope |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/9/2014 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kokpengmarcianlee rheologyand3dprintabilityofpercolatedgraphenepolyamide6composites AT milanbrandt rheologyand3dprintabilityofpercolatedgraphenepolyamide6composites AT robertshanks rheologyand3dprintabilityofpercolatedgraphenepolyamide6composites AT fugendaver rheologyand3dprintabilityofpercolatedgraphenepolyamide6composites |