A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor)
Although known for their potent venom and ability to prey upon both invertebrate and vertebrate species, the Barychelidae spider family has been entirely neglected by toxinologists. In striking contrast, the sister family Theraphosidae (commonly known as tarantulas), which last shared a most recent...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2013-12-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/12/2488 |
| _version_ | 1828136638368186368 |
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| author | Eivind A. B. Undheim Kartik Sunagar Volker Herzig Laurence Kely Dolyce H. W. Low Timothy N. W. Jackson Alun Jones Nyoman Kurniawan Glenn F. King Syed A. Ali Agostino Antunes Tim Ruder Bryan G. Fry |
| author_facet | Eivind A. B. Undheim Kartik Sunagar Volker Herzig Laurence Kely Dolyce H. W. Low Timothy N. W. Jackson Alun Jones Nyoman Kurniawan Glenn F. King Syed A. Ali Agostino Antunes Tim Ruder Bryan G. Fry |
| author_sort | Eivind A. B. Undheim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although known for their potent venom and ability to prey upon both invertebrate and vertebrate species, the Barychelidae spider family has been entirely neglected by toxinologists. In striking contrast, the sister family Theraphosidae (commonly known as tarantulas), which last shared a most recent common ancestor with Barychelidae over 200 million years ago, has received much attention, accounting for 25% of all the described spider toxins while representing only 2% of all spider species. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the venom arsenal of a barychelid spider, Trittame loki, using transcriptomic, proteomic, and bioinformatic methods. The venom was revealed to be dominated by extremely diverse inhibitor cystine knot (ICK)/knottin peptides, accounting for 42 of the 46 full-length toxin precursors recovered in the transcriptomic sequencing. In addition to documenting differential rates of evolution adopted by different ICK/knottin toxin lineages, we discovered homologues with completely novel cysteine skeletal architecture. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase and neprilysin were revealed for the first time as part of the spider-venom arsenal and CAP (CRiSP/Allergen/PR-1) were identified for the first time in mygalomorph spider venoms. These results not only highlight the extent of venom diversification in this neglected ancient spider lineage, but also reinforce the idea that unique venomous lineages are rich pools of novel biomolecules that may have significant applied uses as therapeutics and/or insecticides. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:06:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5fcbda661d854c52943cc79d56a0a178 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:06:18Z |
| publishDate | 2013-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-5fcbda661d854c52943cc79d56a0a1782022-12-22T04:10:18ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512013-12-015122488250310.3390/toxins5122488toxins5122488A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor)Eivind A. B. Undheim0Kartik Sunagar1Volker Herzig2Laurence Kely3Dolyce H. W. Low4Timothy N. W. Jackson5Alun Jones6Nyoman Kurniawan7Glenn F. King8Syed A. Ali9Agostino Antunes10Tim Ruder11Bryan G. Fry12Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaCIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, Porto 4050-123, PortugalInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaVenom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaVenom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaVenom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaCentre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaVenom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaCIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, Porto 4050-123, PortugalVenom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaVenom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaAlthough known for their potent venom and ability to prey upon both invertebrate and vertebrate species, the Barychelidae spider family has been entirely neglected by toxinologists. In striking contrast, the sister family Theraphosidae (commonly known as tarantulas), which last shared a most recent common ancestor with Barychelidae over 200 million years ago, has received much attention, accounting for 25% of all the described spider toxins while representing only 2% of all spider species. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the venom arsenal of a barychelid spider, Trittame loki, using transcriptomic, proteomic, and bioinformatic methods. The venom was revealed to be dominated by extremely diverse inhibitor cystine knot (ICK)/knottin peptides, accounting for 42 of the 46 full-length toxin precursors recovered in the transcriptomic sequencing. In addition to documenting differential rates of evolution adopted by different ICK/knottin toxin lineages, we discovered homologues with completely novel cysteine skeletal architecture. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase and neprilysin were revealed for the first time as part of the spider-venom arsenal and CAP (CRiSP/Allergen/PR-1) were identified for the first time in mygalomorph spider venoms. These results not only highlight the extent of venom diversification in this neglected ancient spider lineage, but also reinforce the idea that unique venomous lineages are rich pools of novel biomolecules that may have significant applied uses as therapeutics and/or insecticides.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/12/2488venomspidermygalomorphtoxinevolution |
| spellingShingle | Eivind A. B. Undheim Kartik Sunagar Volker Herzig Laurence Kely Dolyce H. W. Low Timothy N. W. Jackson Alun Jones Nyoman Kurniawan Glenn F. King Syed A. Ali Agostino Antunes Tim Ruder Bryan G. Fry A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor) Toxins venom spider mygalomorph toxin evolution |
| title | A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor) |
| title_full | A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor) |
| title_fullStr | A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor) |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor) |
| title_short | A Proteomics and Transcriptomics Investigation of the Venom from the Barychelid Spider Trittame loki (Brush-Foot Trapdoor) |
| title_sort | proteomics and transcriptomics investigation of the venom from the barychelid spider trittame loki brush foot trapdoor |
| topic | venom spider mygalomorph toxin evolution |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/12/2488 |
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