The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a damaging impact on global health. Post-infection, patients may experience mental health difficulties and therefore require suitable psychological treatment and support. The objective of this study was to identify the psychological impact of COVID-19 on patients who we...
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-06-01
|
Series: | Healthcare |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/6/1049 |
_version_ | 1797486966088925184 |
---|---|
author | Umar Abdul Ali Nadia Iftikhar Hafsa Amat-ur-Rasool Mehboob Ahmed Javeria Hafeez Wayne G. Carter |
author_facet | Umar Abdul Ali Nadia Iftikhar Hafsa Amat-ur-Rasool Mehboob Ahmed Javeria Hafeez Wayne G. Carter |
author_sort | Umar Abdul Ali |
collection | DOAJ |
description | The COVID-19 pandemic has had a damaging impact on global health. Post-infection, patients may experience mental health difficulties and therefore require suitable psychological treatment and support. The objective of this study was to identify the psychological impact of COVID-19 on patients who were recovering from the physical effects of the disease, and to examine socio-demographic correlates within one month of treatment at a tertiary healthcare facility in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was employed that utilized the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for DSM-5. A questionnaire was administered to 250 patients, with data collected over three months. Mild to extremely severe scores of depression, anxiety and stress were reported by approximately 43%, 52% and 42% of participants, respectively, and 8% developed PTSD. The incidence of depression, anxiety, stress or PTSD was not significantly associated with gender, age or previous interaction with COVID-19 patients. Depression was significantly associated with levels of education, severity of COVID-19 disease and a patient’s current condition. Anxiety was associated with healthcare worker status. The severity of disease and a patient’s current condition were also linked to the levels of anxiety, stress and the presence of PTSD. Collectively, these results indicate that a high percentage of patients recovering from COVID-19 experience psychological distress. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:40:52Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-5fcbe80018834b1e922ec5b0ad02aa8d |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2227-9032 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:40:52Z |
publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Healthcare |
spelling | doaj.art-5fcbe80018834b1e922ec5b0ad02aa8d2023-11-23T16:52:07ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322022-06-01106104910.3390/healthcare10061049The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional StudyUmar Abdul Ali0Nadia Iftikhar1Hafsa Amat-ur-Rasool2Mehboob Ahmed3Javeria Hafeez4Wayne G. Carter5Pak-Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanPak-Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanInstitute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanInstitute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanCombined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanSchool of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3DT, UKThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a damaging impact on global health. Post-infection, patients may experience mental health difficulties and therefore require suitable psychological treatment and support. The objective of this study was to identify the psychological impact of COVID-19 on patients who were recovering from the physical effects of the disease, and to examine socio-demographic correlates within one month of treatment at a tertiary healthcare facility in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was employed that utilized the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for DSM-5. A questionnaire was administered to 250 patients, with data collected over three months. Mild to extremely severe scores of depression, anxiety and stress were reported by approximately 43%, 52% and 42% of participants, respectively, and 8% developed PTSD. The incidence of depression, anxiety, stress or PTSD was not significantly associated with gender, age or previous interaction with COVID-19 patients. Depression was significantly associated with levels of education, severity of COVID-19 disease and a patient’s current condition. Anxiety was associated with healthcare worker status. The severity of disease and a patient’s current condition were also linked to the levels of anxiety, stress and the presence of PTSD. Collectively, these results indicate that a high percentage of patients recovering from COVID-19 experience psychological distress.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/6/1049anxietyCOVID-19 psychological impactdepressionPTSDstress |
spellingShingle | Umar Abdul Ali Nadia Iftikhar Hafsa Amat-ur-Rasool Mehboob Ahmed Javeria Hafeez Wayne G. Carter The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study Healthcare anxiety COVID-19 psychological impact depression PTSD stress |
title | The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
title_full | The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
title_fullStr | The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
title_full_unstemmed | The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
title_short | The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Attending a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
title_sort | psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on patients attending a tertiary healthcare facility in pakistan a cross sectional study |
topic | anxiety COVID-19 psychological impact depression PTSD stress |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/6/1049 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT umarabdulali thepsychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT nadiaiftikhar thepsychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT hafsaamaturrasool thepsychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT mehboobahmed thepsychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT javeriahafeez thepsychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT waynegcarter thepsychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT umarabdulali psychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT nadiaiftikhar psychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT hafsaamaturrasool psychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT mehboobahmed psychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT javeriahafeez psychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy AT waynegcarter psychologicalimpactofcoronavirusdisease2019onpatientsattendingatertiaryhealthcarefacilityinpakistanacrosssectionalstudy |