Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums
The flowering of chrysanthemum (<i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> Ramat.), inhibited by long-day lighting, can be reversed with a short period of low supplemental blue light (S-BL). Both flowering and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging processes are primarily driven by sugars cre...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2310 |
| _version_ | 1797461689049808896 |
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| author | Jingli Yang Jinnan Song Byoung Ryong Jeong |
| author_facet | Jingli Yang Jinnan Song Byoung Ryong Jeong |
| author_sort | Jingli Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The flowering of chrysanthemum (<i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> Ramat.), inhibited by long-day lighting, can be reversed with a short period of low supplemental blue light (S-BL). Both flowering and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging processes are primarily driven by sugars created by photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In addition, the antioxidant ability potentially affects flowering in photoperiod- and/or circadian rhythm-dependent manners. This indicates that there is an interactive relationship among blue (B) light, photosynthetic efficiency, sugar accumulation, and antioxidant ability in flowering regulation. Here, 4 h of 30 μmol·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup> photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) S-BL was applied at the end of a 13-h long-day period (LD13 + 4B) at different intervals during 60 days of experimental duration. The five experimental groups were named according to the actual number of days of S-BL and their intervals: applied once every day, “60 days-(LD13 + 4B) (100.0%)”; once every other day, “30 days-(LD13 + 4B) (50.0%)”; once every three days, “15 days-(LD13 + 4B) (25.0%)”; once every five days, “10 days-(LD13 + 4B) (16.7%)”; and once every seven days, “7 days-(LD13 + 4B) (11.7%)”. Two non-S-BL control groups were also included: 60 10-h short days (60 days-SD10) and 13-h long days (60 days-LD13). At the harvest stage, varying degrees of flowering were observed except in “60 days-LD13” and “7 days-(LD13 + 4B) (11.7%)”. The number of flowers increased and the flower buds appeared earlier as the proportion of S-BL days increased in LD13 conditions, although the “60 days-SD10” gave the earliest flowering. The proportion of initial, pivotal, and optimal flowering was 16.7% (“10 days-(LD13 + 4B)”), 50.0% (“30 days-(LD13 + 4B)”), and 100.0% (“60 days-(LD13 + 4B)”), respectively. Meanwhile, a series of physiological parameters such as the production of enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidants, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, enzyme activities, and carbohydrate accumulation were significantly improved by “30 days-(LD13 + 4B) (50.0%)” as a turning point until the peaks appeared in “60 days-(LD13 + 4B) (100.0%)”, as well as the expression of florigenic or anti-florigenic and some antioxidant-synthetic genes. Furthermore, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that S-BL days positively regulated flowering, photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation, and antioxidant production. In aggregate, the pivotal and optimal proportions of S-BL days to reconcile the relationship among flowering, photosynthetic carbon assimilation, and antioxidant ability were 50.0% and 100.0%, respectively. However, there are still significant gaps to be filled in order to determine the specific involvement of blue light and antioxidant abilities in flowering regulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:23:58Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:23:58Z |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-5ff2e6b18e2e4563b89d1309af598ad22023-11-24T12:55:51ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-11-011112231010.3390/antiox11122310Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in ChrysanthemumsJingli Yang0Jinnan Song1Byoung Ryong Jeong2Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaThe flowering of chrysanthemum (<i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> Ramat.), inhibited by long-day lighting, can be reversed with a short period of low supplemental blue light (S-BL). Both flowering and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging processes are primarily driven by sugars created by photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In addition, the antioxidant ability potentially affects flowering in photoperiod- and/or circadian rhythm-dependent manners. This indicates that there is an interactive relationship among blue (B) light, photosynthetic efficiency, sugar accumulation, and antioxidant ability in flowering regulation. Here, 4 h of 30 μmol·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup> photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) S-BL was applied at the end of a 13-h long-day period (LD13 + 4B) at different intervals during 60 days of experimental duration. The five experimental groups were named according to the actual number of days of S-BL and their intervals: applied once every day, “60 days-(LD13 + 4B) (100.0%)”; once every other day, “30 days-(LD13 + 4B) (50.0%)”; once every three days, “15 days-(LD13 + 4B) (25.0%)”; once every five days, “10 days-(LD13 + 4B) (16.7%)”; and once every seven days, “7 days-(LD13 + 4B) (11.7%)”. Two non-S-BL control groups were also included: 60 10-h short days (60 days-SD10) and 13-h long days (60 days-LD13). At the harvest stage, varying degrees of flowering were observed except in “60 days-LD13” and “7 days-(LD13 + 4B) (11.7%)”. The number of flowers increased and the flower buds appeared earlier as the proportion of S-BL days increased in LD13 conditions, although the “60 days-SD10” gave the earliest flowering. The proportion of initial, pivotal, and optimal flowering was 16.7% (“10 days-(LD13 + 4B)”), 50.0% (“30 days-(LD13 + 4B)”), and 100.0% (“60 days-(LD13 + 4B)”), respectively. Meanwhile, a series of physiological parameters such as the production of enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidants, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, enzyme activities, and carbohydrate accumulation were significantly improved by “30 days-(LD13 + 4B) (50.0%)” as a turning point until the peaks appeared in “60 days-(LD13 + 4B) (100.0%)”, as well as the expression of florigenic or anti-florigenic and some antioxidant-synthetic genes. Furthermore, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that S-BL days positively regulated flowering, photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation, and antioxidant production. In aggregate, the pivotal and optimal proportions of S-BL days to reconcile the relationship among flowering, photosynthetic carbon assimilation, and antioxidant ability were 50.0% and 100.0%, respectively. However, there are still significant gaps to be filled in order to determine the specific involvement of blue light and antioxidant abilities in flowering regulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2310antioxidant abilityphotoperiodismphotosynthetic carbon assimilationsupplemental blue lightunusual photoperiod |
| spellingShingle | Jingli Yang Jinnan Song Byoung Ryong Jeong Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums Antioxidants antioxidant ability photoperiodism photosynthetic carbon assimilation supplemental blue light unusual photoperiod |
| title | Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums |
| title_full | Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums |
| title_fullStr | Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums |
| title_short | Blue Light Supplemented at Intervals in Long-Day Conditions Intervenes in Photoperiodic Flowering, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Properties in Chrysanthemums |
| title_sort | blue light supplemented at intervals in long day conditions intervenes in photoperiodic flowering photosynthesis and antioxidant properties in chrysanthemums |
| topic | antioxidant ability photoperiodism photosynthetic carbon assimilation supplemental blue light unusual photoperiod |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2310 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jingliyang bluelightsupplementedatintervalsinlongdayconditionsintervenesinphotoperiodicfloweringphotosynthesisandantioxidantpropertiesinchrysanthemums AT jinnansong bluelightsupplementedatintervalsinlongdayconditionsintervenesinphotoperiodicfloweringphotosynthesisandantioxidantpropertiesinchrysanthemums AT byoungryongjeong bluelightsupplementedatintervalsinlongdayconditionsintervenesinphotoperiodicfloweringphotosynthesisandantioxidantpropertiesinchrysanthemums |