Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review
Bauxite residue, known as red mud, is a by-product of alumina production using the Bayer process. Currently, its total global storage amounts to over 4.6 billion tons, including about 600 million tons in Russia. The total global storage of red mud occupies large areas, leading to environmental damag...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Recycling |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/6/2/38 |
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| author | Dmitry Zinoveev Liliya Pasechnik Mikhail Fedotov Valery Dyubanov Pavel Grudinsky Andrey Alpatov |
| author_facet | Dmitry Zinoveev Liliya Pasechnik Mikhail Fedotov Valery Dyubanov Pavel Grudinsky Andrey Alpatov |
| author_sort | Dmitry Zinoveev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bauxite residue, known as red mud, is a by-product of alumina production using the Bayer process. Currently, its total global storage amounts to over 4.6 billion tons, including about 600 million tons in Russia. The total global storage of red mud occupies large areas, leading to environmental damage and increasing environmental risks. Moreover, it contains a significant amount of sodium, which is easily soluble in subsoil water; therefore, a sustainable approach for comprehensive recycling of red mud is necessary. The bauxite residue contains valuable elements, such as aluminum, titanium, and scandium, which can be recovered using liquid media. In recent years, many methods of recovery of these elements from this waste have been proposed. This paper provides a critical review of hydrometallurgical, solvometallurgical, and complex methods for the recovery of valuable components from red mud, namely, aluminum, titanium, sodium, and rare and rare-earth elements. These methods include leaching using alkaline or acid solutions, ionic liquids, and biological organisms, in addition to red mud leaching solutions by extraction and sorption methods. Advantages and disadvantages of these processes in terms of their environmental impact are discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:32:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-600ca1ddb3d343f5a4bb3a05908793b7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-4321 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:32:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Recycling |
| spelling | doaj.art-600ca1ddb3d343f5a4bb3a05908793b72023-11-21T23:31:28ZengMDPI AGRecycling2313-43212021-06-01623810.3390/recycling6020038Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A ReviewDmitry Zinoveev0Liliya Pasechnik1Mikhail Fedotov2Valery Dyubanov3Pavel Grudinsky4Andrey Alpatov5A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Science, 49 Leninsky Prosp., 119334 Moscow, RussiaInstitute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 91 Pervomaiskaya St., 620990 Ekaterinburg, RussiaA.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Science, 49 Leninsky Prosp., 119334 Moscow, RussiaA.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Science, 49 Leninsky Prosp., 119334 Moscow, RussiaA.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Science, 49 Leninsky Prosp., 119334 Moscow, RussiaA.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Science, 49 Leninsky Prosp., 119334 Moscow, RussiaBauxite residue, known as red mud, is a by-product of alumina production using the Bayer process. Currently, its total global storage amounts to over 4.6 billion tons, including about 600 million tons in Russia. The total global storage of red mud occupies large areas, leading to environmental damage and increasing environmental risks. Moreover, it contains a significant amount of sodium, which is easily soluble in subsoil water; therefore, a sustainable approach for comprehensive recycling of red mud is necessary. The bauxite residue contains valuable elements, such as aluminum, titanium, and scandium, which can be recovered using liquid media. In recent years, many methods of recovery of these elements from this waste have been proposed. This paper provides a critical review of hydrometallurgical, solvometallurgical, and complex methods for the recovery of valuable components from red mud, namely, aluminum, titanium, sodium, and rare and rare-earth elements. These methods include leaching using alkaline or acid solutions, ionic liquids, and biological organisms, in addition to red mud leaching solutions by extraction and sorption methods. Advantages and disadvantages of these processes in terms of their environmental impact are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/6/2/38red mudbauxite residuehydrometallurgyscandiumaluminatitanium |
| spellingShingle | Dmitry Zinoveev Liliya Pasechnik Mikhail Fedotov Valery Dyubanov Pavel Grudinsky Andrey Alpatov Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review Recycling red mud bauxite residue hydrometallurgy scandium alumina titanium |
| title | Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review |
| title_full | Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review |
| title_short | Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review |
| title_sort | extraction of valuable elements from red mud with a focus on using liquid media a review |
| topic | red mud bauxite residue hydrometallurgy scandium alumina titanium |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/6/2/38 |
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