Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames
In the period from 2019 to 2022, the joint American–Russian space experiment (SE) Flame Design (Adamant) was carried out on the International Space Station (ISS). The purpose of the joint SE was to study the mechanisms of control of soot formation in a spherical diffusion flame (SDF) formed around a...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Mathematics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/2/261 |
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| author | Sergey M. Frolov Vladislav S. Ivanov Fedor S. Frolov Pavel A. Vlasov Richard Axelbaum Phillip H. Irace Grigoriy Yablonsky Kendyl Waddell |
| author_facet | Sergey M. Frolov Vladislav S. Ivanov Fedor S. Frolov Pavel A. Vlasov Richard Axelbaum Phillip H. Irace Grigoriy Yablonsky Kendyl Waddell |
| author_sort | Sergey M. Frolov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the period from 2019 to 2022, the joint American–Russian space experiment (SE) Flame Design (Adamant) was carried out on the International Space Station (ISS). The purpose of the joint SE was to study the mechanisms of control of soot formation in a spherical diffusion flame (SDF) formed around a porous sphere (PS), and the radiative extinction of the SDF under microgravity conditions. The objects of this study were “normal” and “inverse” SDFs of gaseous ethylene in an oxygen atmosphere with nitrogen addition at room temperature and pressures ranging from 0.5 to 2 atm. A normal flame is a flame formed in an oxidizing atmosphere when fuel is supplied through the PS. An inverse flame is a flame formed in a fuel atmosphere when an oxidizer is introduced through the PS. This article presents the results of calculations of soot formation in normal and inverse SDFs. The calculations are based on a one-dimensional non-stationary model of diffusion combustion of gases with detailed kinetics of ethylene oxidation, supplemented by a macrokinetic mechanism of soot formation. The results indicate that soot formation in normal and inverse SDFs is concentrated in the region where the local C/O atomic ratio and local temperature satisfy the conditions 0.32 < C/O < 0.44 and <i>T</i> > 1300–1500 K. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:47:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-60134665b13347269395061732fe8006 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:47:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj.art-60134665b13347269395061732fe80062023-11-30T23:19:43ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902023-01-0111226110.3390/math11020261Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion FlamesSergey M. Frolov0Vladislav S. Ivanov1Fedor S. Frolov2Pavel A. Vlasov3Richard Axelbaum4Phillip H. Irace5Grigoriy Yablonsky6Kendyl Waddell7Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, RussiaSemenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, RussiaSemenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, RussiaSemenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, RussiaMcKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USAMechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USAChemistry Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USADepartment of Fire Protection and Engineering, College Park, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 20742, USAIn the period from 2019 to 2022, the joint American–Russian space experiment (SE) Flame Design (Adamant) was carried out on the International Space Station (ISS). The purpose of the joint SE was to study the mechanisms of control of soot formation in a spherical diffusion flame (SDF) formed around a porous sphere (PS), and the radiative extinction of the SDF under microgravity conditions. The objects of this study were “normal” and “inverse” SDFs of gaseous ethylene in an oxygen atmosphere with nitrogen addition at room temperature and pressures ranging from 0.5 to 2 atm. A normal flame is a flame formed in an oxidizing atmosphere when fuel is supplied through the PS. An inverse flame is a flame formed in a fuel atmosphere when an oxidizer is introduced through the PS. This article presents the results of calculations of soot formation in normal and inverse SDFs. The calculations are based on a one-dimensional non-stationary model of diffusion combustion of gases with detailed kinetics of ethylene oxidation, supplemented by a macrokinetic mechanism of soot formation. The results indicate that soot formation in normal and inverse SDFs is concentrated in the region where the local C/O atomic ratio and local temperature satisfy the conditions 0.32 < C/O < 0.44 and <i>T</i> > 1300–1500 K.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/2/261space experimentmicrogravityspherical diffusion flameethylenenumerical simulationsoot formation |
| spellingShingle | Sergey M. Frolov Vladislav S. Ivanov Fedor S. Frolov Pavel A. Vlasov Richard Axelbaum Phillip H. Irace Grigoriy Yablonsky Kendyl Waddell Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames Mathematics space experiment microgravity spherical diffusion flame ethylene numerical simulation soot formation |
| title | Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames |
| title_full | Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames |
| title_fullStr | Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames |
| title_short | Soot Formation in Spherical Diffusion Flames |
| title_sort | soot formation in spherical diffusion flames |
| topic | space experiment microgravity spherical diffusion flame ethylene numerical simulation soot formation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/2/261 |
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