Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review
This paper presents the main directions and range of man-made changes to the vascular flora and their effects at the vegetation level. The native flora of Poland, located in the temperate zone of Central Europe, comprises approximately 2639 species. The effect of human pressure, which began in the N...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Diversity |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/15/5/618 |
| _version_ | 1797436197905104896 |
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| author | Bogdan Jackowiak |
| author_facet | Bogdan Jackowiak |
| author_sort | Bogdan Jackowiak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents the main directions and range of man-made changes to the vascular flora and their effects at the vegetation level. The native flora of Poland, located in the temperate zone of Central Europe, comprises approximately 2639 species. The effect of human pressure, which began in the Neolithic and has intensified in the last 200 years, has caused changes in the native flora and has included an inflow of 975 alien species, 560 of which have become permanently established. Currently, at least 704 native species are recognized as endangered, and only 623 are recognized as being able to occupy habitats that were created or strongly transformed by humans. Native species (apophytes) and aliens (anthropophytes) have co-created completely new plant communities in these habitats. Among the alien plants, neophytes (399 species) outnumber archaeophytes (161 species). Additionally, many neophytes (123 species) can penetrate seminatural and natural communities. Research has shown that the proportions of apophytes, alien plants, and declining species can be used to clearly differentiate plant communities and be used as an indicator of anthropogenic changes. A comparison of the man-made changes in Polish flora and vegetation in other countries showed that the changes in Poland are part of the global process of environmental degradation and are aggravated by the country’s economic development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:58:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-60214e755e1f4498aca7c3171bf18b9a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-2818 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:58:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diversity |
| spelling | doaj.art-60214e755e1f4498aca7c3171bf18b9a2023-12-01T01:27:17ZengMDPI AGDiversity1424-28182023-05-0115561810.3390/d15050618Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current ReviewBogdan Jackowiak0Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, PolandThis paper presents the main directions and range of man-made changes to the vascular flora and their effects at the vegetation level. The native flora of Poland, located in the temperate zone of Central Europe, comprises approximately 2639 species. The effect of human pressure, which began in the Neolithic and has intensified in the last 200 years, has caused changes in the native flora and has included an inflow of 975 alien species, 560 of which have become permanently established. Currently, at least 704 native species are recognized as endangered, and only 623 are recognized as being able to occupy habitats that were created or strongly transformed by humans. Native species (apophytes) and aliens (anthropophytes) have co-created completely new plant communities in these habitats. Among the alien plants, neophytes (399 species) outnumber archaeophytes (161 species). Additionally, many neophytes (123 species) can penetrate seminatural and natural communities. Research has shown that the proportions of apophytes, alien plants, and declining species can be used to clearly differentiate plant communities and be used as an indicator of anthropogenic changes. A comparison of the man-made changes in Polish flora and vegetation in other countries showed that the changes in Poland are part of the global process of environmental degradation and are aggravated by the country’s economic development.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/15/5/618native plantsalien plantsextinctionexpansionsynanthropizationCentral Europe |
| spellingShingle | Bogdan Jackowiak Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review Diversity native plants alien plants extinction expansion synanthropization Central Europe |
| title | Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review |
| title_full | Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review |
| title_fullStr | Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review |
| title_short | Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review |
| title_sort | man made changes in the flora and vegetation of poland current review |
| topic | native plants alien plants extinction expansion synanthropization Central Europe |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/15/5/618 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bogdanjackowiak manmadechangesinthefloraandvegetationofpolandcurrentreview |