Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting
There is a fast-growing interest in the use of selective laser melting (SLM) for metal/alloy additive manufacturing. Our current knowledge of SLM-printed 316 stainless steel (SS316) is limited and sometimes appears sporadic, presumably due to the complex interdependent effects of a large number of p...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/12/4289 |
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| author | Ricardo Santamaria Mobin Salasi William D. A. Rickard Kod Pojtanabuntoeng Garry Leadbeater Mariano Iannuzzi Steven M. Reddy Md Zakaria Quadir |
| author_facet | Ricardo Santamaria Mobin Salasi William D. A. Rickard Kod Pojtanabuntoeng Garry Leadbeater Mariano Iannuzzi Steven M. Reddy Md Zakaria Quadir |
| author_sort | Ricardo Santamaria |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is a fast-growing interest in the use of selective laser melting (SLM) for metal/alloy additive manufacturing. Our current knowledge of SLM-printed 316 stainless steel (SS316) is limited and sometimes appears sporadic, presumably due to the complex interdependent effects of a large number of process variables of the SLM processing. This is reflected in the discrepant findings in the crystallographic textures and microstructures in this investigation compared to those reported in the literature, which also vary among themselves. The as-printed material is macroscopically asymmetric in terms of both structure and crystallographic texture. The <101> and <111> crystallographic directions align parallel with the SLM scanning direction (SD) and build direction (BD), respectively. Likewise, some characteristic low-angle boundary features have been reported to be crystallographic, while this investigation unequivocally proves them to be non-crystallographic, since they always maintain an identical alignment with the SLM laser scanning direction, irrespective of the matrix material’s crystal orientation. There are also 500 ± 200 nm columnar or cellular features, depending on the cross-section, which are generally found all over the sample. These columnar or cellular features are formed with walls made of dense packing of dislocations entangled with Mn-, Si- and O-enriched amorphous inclusions. They remain stable after ASM solution treatments at a temperature of 1050 °C, and therefore, are capable of hindering boundary migration events of recrystallization and grain growth. Thus, the nanoscale structures can be retained at high temperatures. Large 2–4 μm inclusions form during the solution treatment, within which the chemical and phase distribution are heterogeneous. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:12:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-603769a5ede04ff1b78d15ba24194613 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:12:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-603769a5ede04ff1b78d15ba241946132023-11-18T11:24:11ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-06-011612428910.3390/ma16124289Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser MeltingRicardo Santamaria0Mobin Salasi1William D. A. Rickard2Kod Pojtanabuntoeng3Garry Leadbeater4Mariano Iannuzzi5Steven M. Reddy6Md Zakaria Quadir7Curtin Corrosion Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaCurtin Corrosion Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaMicroscopy and Microanalysis Facility, John de Laeter Centre (JdLC), Perth, WA 6845, AustraliaCurtin Corrosion Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaCurtin Corrosion Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaCurtin Corrosion Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaSchool of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, AustraliaMicroscopy and Microanalysis Facility, John de Laeter Centre (JdLC), Perth, WA 6845, AustraliaThere is a fast-growing interest in the use of selective laser melting (SLM) for metal/alloy additive manufacturing. Our current knowledge of SLM-printed 316 stainless steel (SS316) is limited and sometimes appears sporadic, presumably due to the complex interdependent effects of a large number of process variables of the SLM processing. This is reflected in the discrepant findings in the crystallographic textures and microstructures in this investigation compared to those reported in the literature, which also vary among themselves. The as-printed material is macroscopically asymmetric in terms of both structure and crystallographic texture. The <101> and <111> crystallographic directions align parallel with the SLM scanning direction (SD) and build direction (BD), respectively. Likewise, some characteristic low-angle boundary features have been reported to be crystallographic, while this investigation unequivocally proves them to be non-crystallographic, since they always maintain an identical alignment with the SLM laser scanning direction, irrespective of the matrix material’s crystal orientation. There are also 500 ± 200 nm columnar or cellular features, depending on the cross-section, which are generally found all over the sample. These columnar or cellular features are formed with walls made of dense packing of dislocations entangled with Mn-, Si- and O-enriched amorphous inclusions. They remain stable after ASM solution treatments at a temperature of 1050 °C, and therefore, are capable of hindering boundary migration events of recrystallization and grain growth. Thus, the nanoscale structures can be retained at high temperatures. Large 2–4 μm inclusions form during the solution treatment, within which the chemical and phase distribution are heterogeneous.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/12/4289selective laser melting (SLM)3D printingadditive manufacturing (AM)316 stainless steel (SS316)EBSDTEM |
| spellingShingle | Ricardo Santamaria Mobin Salasi William D. A. Rickard Kod Pojtanabuntoeng Garry Leadbeater Mariano Iannuzzi Steven M. Reddy Md Zakaria Quadir Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting Materials selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing additive manufacturing (AM) 316 stainless steel (SS316) EBSD TEM |
| title | Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting |
| title_full | Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting |
| title_fullStr | Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting |
| title_short | Crystallographic Texture and Substructural Phenomena in 316 Stainless Steel Printed by Selective Laser Melting |
| title_sort | crystallographic texture and substructural phenomena in 316 stainless steel printed by selective laser melting |
| topic | selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing additive manufacturing (AM) 316 stainless steel (SS316) EBSD TEM |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/12/4289 |
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