Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same?
In most volcanic areas, the population considers the use of bottled waters as a healthier and safer option. This study aimed to (i) assess the fluoride concentrations in tap and bottled water consumed on São Miguel Island, (ii) confirm the accuracy of the labeling of fluoride levels on bottled water...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/15/2424 |
| _version_ | 1797411898367410176 |
|---|---|
| author | Diana Linhares Diogo Gaspar Patrícia Garcia Armindo Rodrigues |
| author_facet | Diana Linhares Diogo Gaspar Patrícia Garcia Armindo Rodrigues |
| author_sort | Diana Linhares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In most volcanic areas, the population considers the use of bottled waters as a healthier and safer option. This study aimed to (i) assess the fluoride concentrations in tap and bottled water consumed on São Miguel Island, (ii) confirm the accuracy of the labeling of fluoride levels on bottled water, and (iii) assess the fluoride daily intake and risk exposure and discuss the possible health effects in adults and children. Fluoride concentrations were measured in tap water (49 samples) and bottled water (23 samples) with a fluoride ion-selective electrode. The fluoride concentration was above the recommended limit in tap water from Sete Cidades (1.71 mg/L), in bottled waters nº 5 and 7 from category C (2.05 ± 0.04 mg/L and 2.36 ± 0.14 mg/L, respectively), and in bottled water nº 5 from category D (1.92 ± 0.03 mg/L). Fluoride daily intake in children reached a maximum value in gasified water nº 7 (0.059 mg F/day/kg). The risk assessment evidenced that all the brands with over 1.2 mgF/L might be a concern for potential non-cancer health effects, especially in adults. The most recognized brands of gasified and gasified flavored waters represent a higher risk of exceeding fluoride daily intake when compared to tap and mineral bottled waters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:53:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-60425afd737b453389e9e08f68250165 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:53:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-60425afd737b453389e9e08f682501652023-12-03T13:09:03ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-08-011415242410.3390/w14152424Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same?Diana Linhares0Diogo Gaspar1Patrícia Garcia2Armindo Rodrigues3IVAR, Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Apartado 1422, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, PortugalFaculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, PortugalFaculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, PortugalIVAR, Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Apartado 1422, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, PortugalIn most volcanic areas, the population considers the use of bottled waters as a healthier and safer option. This study aimed to (i) assess the fluoride concentrations in tap and bottled water consumed on São Miguel Island, (ii) confirm the accuracy of the labeling of fluoride levels on bottled water, and (iii) assess the fluoride daily intake and risk exposure and discuss the possible health effects in adults and children. Fluoride concentrations were measured in tap water (49 samples) and bottled water (23 samples) with a fluoride ion-selective electrode. The fluoride concentration was above the recommended limit in tap water from Sete Cidades (1.71 mg/L), in bottled waters nº 5 and 7 from category C (2.05 ± 0.04 mg/L and 2.36 ± 0.14 mg/L, respectively), and in bottled water nº 5 from category D (1.92 ± 0.03 mg/L). Fluoride daily intake in children reached a maximum value in gasified water nº 7 (0.059 mg F/day/kg). The risk assessment evidenced that all the brands with over 1.2 mgF/L might be a concern for potential non-cancer health effects, especially in adults. The most recognized brands of gasified and gasified flavored waters represent a higher risk of exceeding fluoride daily intake when compared to tap and mineral bottled waters.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/15/2424fluoridebottled waterdaily intakerisk exposure assessmentvolcanic regionsfluorosis |
| spellingShingle | Diana Linhares Diogo Gaspar Patrícia Garcia Armindo Rodrigues Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same? Water fluoride bottled water daily intake risk exposure assessment volcanic regions fluorosis |
| title | Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same? |
| title_full | Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same? |
| title_fullStr | Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same? |
| title_short | Drinking Bottled and Tap Water for Healthier Living in Volcanic Areas: Are All Waters the Same? |
| title_sort | drinking bottled and tap water for healthier living in volcanic areas are all waters the same |
| topic | fluoride bottled water daily intake risk exposure assessment volcanic regions fluorosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/15/2424 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dianalinhares drinkingbottledandtapwaterforhealthierlivinginvolcanicareasareallwatersthesame AT diogogaspar drinkingbottledandtapwaterforhealthierlivinginvolcanicareasareallwatersthesame AT patriciagarcia drinkingbottledandtapwaterforhealthierlivinginvolcanicareasareallwatersthesame AT armindorodrigues drinkingbottledandtapwaterforhealthierlivinginvolcanicareasareallwatersthesame |