Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity
<i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> (<i>Cmm</i>) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. Differences in virulence between <i>Cmm</i> strains have been reported. The aim of this study was the characterization of nine...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1530 |
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| author | Miryam Valenzuela Marianela González Alexis Velásquez Fernando Dorta Iván Montenegro Ximena Besoain Francisco Salvà-Serra Daniel Jaén-Luchoro Edward R. B. Moore Michael Seeger |
| author_facet | Miryam Valenzuela Marianela González Alexis Velásquez Fernando Dorta Iván Montenegro Ximena Besoain Francisco Salvà-Serra Daniel Jaén-Luchoro Edward R. B. Moore Michael Seeger |
| author_sort | Miryam Valenzuela |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> (<i>Cmm</i>) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. Differences in virulence between <i>Cmm</i> strains have been reported. The aim of this study was the characterization of nine <i>Cmm</i> strains isolated in Chile to reveal the causes of their differences in virulence. The virulence assays in tomato seedlings revealed different levels of severity associated with the strains, with two highly virulent strains and one causing only mild symptoms. The two most virulent showed increased cellulase activity, and no cellulase activity was observed in the strain causing mild symptoms. In three strains, including the two most virulent strains, PCR amplification of the 10 virulence genes analyzed was observed. In the strain causing mild symptoms, no amplification was observed for five genes, including <i>celA</i>. Sequence and cluster analyses of six virulence genes grouped the strains, as has been previously reported, except for gene <i>pelA1</i>. Gene sequence analysis from the genomes of five Chilean strains revealed the presence of deletions in the virulence genes, <i>celB, xysA</i>, <i>pat-1</i>, and <i>phpA</i>. The results of this study allow us to establish correlations between the differences observed in disease severity and the presence/absence of genes and deletions not previously reported. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:31:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-605bc438ec8d45bfa43d0ba76487123b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:31:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-605bc438ec8d45bfa43d0ba76487123b2023-11-22T04:27:09ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-07-0197153010.3390/microorganisms9071530Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with PathogenicityMiryam Valenzuela0Marianela González1Alexis Velásquez2Fernando Dorta3Iván Montenegro4Ximena Besoain5Francisco Salvà-Serra6Daniel Jaén-Luchoro7Edward R. B. Moore8Michael Seeger9Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, ChileInstituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, ChileLaboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, ChileCentro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, ChileEscuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2540064, ChileEscuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, ChileDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, SwedenLaboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile<i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> (<i>Cmm</i>) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. Differences in virulence between <i>Cmm</i> strains have been reported. The aim of this study was the characterization of nine <i>Cmm</i> strains isolated in Chile to reveal the causes of their differences in virulence. The virulence assays in tomato seedlings revealed different levels of severity associated with the strains, with two highly virulent strains and one causing only mild symptoms. The two most virulent showed increased cellulase activity, and no cellulase activity was observed in the strain causing mild symptoms. In three strains, including the two most virulent strains, PCR amplification of the 10 virulence genes analyzed was observed. In the strain causing mild symptoms, no amplification was observed for five genes, including <i>celA</i>. Sequence and cluster analyses of six virulence genes grouped the strains, as has been previously reported, except for gene <i>pelA1</i>. Gene sequence analysis from the genomes of five Chilean strains revealed the presence of deletions in the virulence genes, <i>celB, xysA</i>, <i>pat-1</i>, and <i>phpA</i>. The results of this study allow us to establish correlations between the differences observed in disease severity and the presence/absence of genes and deletions not previously reported.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1530<i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i>tomato bacterial cankervirulence assayvirulence genescellulasestrain diversity |
| spellingShingle | Miryam Valenzuela Marianela González Alexis Velásquez Fernando Dorta Iván Montenegro Ximena Besoain Francisco Salvà-Serra Daniel Jaén-Luchoro Edward R. B. Moore Michael Seeger Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity Microorganisms <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> tomato bacterial canker virulence assay virulence genes cellulase strain diversity |
| title | Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity |
| title_full | Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity |
| title_fullStr | Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity |
| title_short | Analyses of Virulence Genes of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity |
| title_sort | analyses of virulence genes of i clavibacter michiganensis i subsp i michiganensis i strains reveal heterogeneity and deletions that correlate with pathogenicity |
| topic | <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> tomato bacterial canker virulence assay virulence genes cellulase strain diversity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1530 |
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