Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship
Calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) is one of the most important inorganic powders and is widely used as filler in order to reduce costs in the rubber industry. Nanocalcium carbonate reduces costs and acts as a semireinforcing filler that improves the mechanical properties of rubber com...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/9/2002 |
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| author | Nantikan Phuhiangpa Worachai Ponloa Saree Phongphanphanee Wirasak Smitthipong |
| author_facet | Nantikan Phuhiangpa Worachai Ponloa Saree Phongphanphanee Wirasak Smitthipong |
| author_sort | Nantikan Phuhiangpa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) is one of the most important inorganic powders and is widely used as filler in order to reduce costs in the rubber industry. Nanocalcium carbonate reduces costs and acts as a semireinforcing filler that improves the mechanical properties of rubber composites. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> (NCC) and micro-CaCO<sub>3</sub> (MCC) on the properties of natural rubber composites, in particular, new results of structure–properties relationship. The effects of NCC/MCC on the properties of rubber composites, such as Mooney viscosity, bound rubber, Mullins effect, and Payne effect, were investigated. The result of the Mullins effect of rubber composites filled with NCC was in good agreement with the results of Mooney viscosity and bound rubber, with higher Mooney viscosity and bound rubber leading to higher stress to pull the rubber composites. The Payne effect showed that the value of different storage moduli (ΔG’) of rubber composites filled with 25 parts per hundred rubber (phr) NCC was the lowest due to weaker filler network, while the rubber supplemented with 100 phr NCC had more significant ΔG’ values with increase in strain. The results of rubber composites filled with MCC showed the same tendency as those of rubber composites filled with NCC. However, the effect of specific surface area of NCC on the properties of rubber composites was more pronounced than those of rubber composites filled with MCC. Finite element analysis of the mechanical property of rubber composites was in good agreement with the result from the experiment. The master curves of time–temperature superposition presented lower free volume in the composites for higher loading of filler, which would require more relaxation time of rubber molecules. This type of nanocalcium carbonate material can be applied to tailor the properties and processability of rubber products. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:36:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6078187a54d9468bba56acd590fedef7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:36:47Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-6078187a54d9468bba56acd590fedef72023-11-20T12:23:06ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602020-09-01129200210.3390/polym12092002Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties RelationshipNantikan Phuhiangpa0Worachai Ponloa1Saree Phongphanphanee2Wirasak Smitthipong3Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandSpecialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandSpecialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandSpecialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandCalcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) is one of the most important inorganic powders and is widely used as filler in order to reduce costs in the rubber industry. Nanocalcium carbonate reduces costs and acts as a semireinforcing filler that improves the mechanical properties of rubber composites. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> (NCC) and micro-CaCO<sub>3</sub> (MCC) on the properties of natural rubber composites, in particular, new results of structure–properties relationship. The effects of NCC/MCC on the properties of rubber composites, such as Mooney viscosity, bound rubber, Mullins effect, and Payne effect, were investigated. The result of the Mullins effect of rubber composites filled with NCC was in good agreement with the results of Mooney viscosity and bound rubber, with higher Mooney viscosity and bound rubber leading to higher stress to pull the rubber composites. The Payne effect showed that the value of different storage moduli (ΔG’) of rubber composites filled with 25 parts per hundred rubber (phr) NCC was the lowest due to weaker filler network, while the rubber supplemented with 100 phr NCC had more significant ΔG’ values with increase in strain. The results of rubber composites filled with MCC showed the same tendency as those of rubber composites filled with NCC. However, the effect of specific surface area of NCC on the properties of rubber composites was more pronounced than those of rubber composites filled with MCC. Finite element analysis of the mechanical property of rubber composites was in good agreement with the result from the experiment. The master curves of time–temperature superposition presented lower free volume in the composites for higher loading of filler, which would require more relaxation time of rubber molecules. This type of nanocalcium carbonate material can be applied to tailor the properties and processability of rubber products.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/9/2002nanocalcium carbonatenatural rubber nanocompositeMullins effectstress relaxationPayne effect |
| spellingShingle | Nantikan Phuhiangpa Worachai Ponloa Saree Phongphanphanee Wirasak Smitthipong Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship Polymers nanocalcium carbonate natural rubber nanocomposite Mullins effect stress relaxation Payne effect |
| title | Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship |
| title_full | Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship |
| title_fullStr | Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship |
| title_short | Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship |
| title_sort | performance of nano and microcalcium carbonate in uncrosslinked natural rubber composites new results of structure properties relationship |
| topic | nanocalcium carbonate natural rubber nanocomposite Mullins effect stress relaxation Payne effect |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/9/2002 |
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