| Summary: | Care during the COVID-19 pandemic hinges upon the existence of fast, safe, and highly sensitive diagnostic tools. Considering significant practical advantages of lung ultrasound (LUS) over other imaging techniques, but difficulties for doctors in pattern recognition, we aim to leverage machine learning toward guiding diagnosis from LUS. We release the largest publicly available LUS dataset for COVID-19 consisting of 202 videos from four classes (COVID-19, bacterial pneumonia, non-COVID-19 viral pneumonia and healthy controls). On this dataset, we perform an in-depth study of the value of deep learning methods for the differential diagnosis of lung pathologies. We propose a frame-based model that correctly distinguishes COVID-19 LUS videos from healthy and bacterial pneumonia data with a sensitivity of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.90</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.08</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and a specificity of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.96</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.04</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. To investigate the utility of the proposed method, we employ interpretability methods for the spatio-temporal localization of pulmonary biomarkers, which are deemed useful for human-in-the-loop scenarios in a blinded study with medical experts. Aiming for robustness, we perform uncertainty estimation and demonstrate the model to recognize low-confidence situations which also improves performance. Lastly, we validated our model on an independent test dataset and report promising performance (sensitivity <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.806</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, specificity <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.962</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). The provided dataset facilitates the validation of related methodology in the community and the proposed framework might aid the development of a fast, accessible screening method for pulmonary diseases. Dataset and all code are publicly available at: https://github.com/BorgwardtLab/covid19_ultrasound.
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