Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Cis</it>-regulatory modules are bound by transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Characterizing these DNA sequences is central to understanding gene regulatory networks and gaining insight into mechanisms o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2011-11-01
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| Series: | BMC Genomics |
| Online Access: | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/578 |
| _version_ | 1818562451706216448 |
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| author | Halfon Marc S Zhu Qianqian Brennan Elizabeth R Zhou Yiyun |
| author_facet | Halfon Marc S Zhu Qianqian Brennan Elizabeth R Zhou Yiyun |
| author_sort | Halfon Marc S |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Cis</it>-regulatory modules are bound by transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Characterizing these DNA sequences is central to understanding gene regulatory networks and gaining insight into mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, but genome-scale regulatory module discovery remains a challenge. One popular approach is to scan the genome for clusters of transcription factor binding sites, especially those conserved in related species. When such approaches are successful, it is typically assumed that the activity of the modules is mediated by the identified binding sites and their cognate transcription factors. However, the validity of this assumption is often not assessed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We successfully predicted five new <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules by combining binding site identification with sequence conservation and compared these to unsuccessful predictions from a related approach not utilizing sequence conservation. Despite greatly improved predictive success, the positive set had similar degrees of sequence and binding site conservation as the negative set. We explored the reasons for this by mutagenizing putative binding sites in three <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules. A large proportion of the tested sites had little or no demonstrable role in mediating regulatory element activity. Examination of loss-of-function mutants also showed that some transcription factors supposedly binding to the modules are not required for their function.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results raise important questions about interpreting regulatory module predictions obtained by finding clusters of conserved binding sites. Attribution of function to these sites and their cognate transcription factors may be incorrect even when modules are successfully identified. Our study underscores the importance of empirical validation of computational results even when these results are in line with expectation.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T01:03:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-60ab55be34444edf9e10d073ea4073fe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2164 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T01:03:55Z |
| publishDate | 2011-11-01 |
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| series | BMC Genomics |
| spelling | doaj.art-60ab55be34444edf9e10d073ea4073fe2022-12-21T23:23:04ZengBMCBMC Genomics1471-21642011-11-0112157810.1186/1471-2164-12-578Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modulesHalfon Marc SZhu QianqianBrennan Elizabeth RZhou Yiyun<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Cis</it>-regulatory modules are bound by transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Characterizing these DNA sequences is central to understanding gene regulatory networks and gaining insight into mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, but genome-scale regulatory module discovery remains a challenge. One popular approach is to scan the genome for clusters of transcription factor binding sites, especially those conserved in related species. When such approaches are successful, it is typically assumed that the activity of the modules is mediated by the identified binding sites and their cognate transcription factors. However, the validity of this assumption is often not assessed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We successfully predicted five new <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules by combining binding site identification with sequence conservation and compared these to unsuccessful predictions from a related approach not utilizing sequence conservation. Despite greatly improved predictive success, the positive set had similar degrees of sequence and binding site conservation as the negative set. We explored the reasons for this by mutagenizing putative binding sites in three <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules. A large proportion of the tested sites had little or no demonstrable role in mediating regulatory element activity. Examination of loss-of-function mutants also showed that some transcription factors supposedly binding to the modules are not required for their function.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results raise important questions about interpreting regulatory module predictions obtained by finding clusters of conserved binding sites. Attribution of function to these sites and their cognate transcription factors may be incorrect even when modules are successfully identified. Our study underscores the importance of empirical validation of computational results even when these results are in line with expectation.</p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/578 |
| spellingShingle | Halfon Marc S Zhu Qianqian Brennan Elizabeth R Zhou Yiyun Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules BMC Genomics |
| title | Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules |
| title_full | Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules |
| title_fullStr | Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules |
| title_full_unstemmed | Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules |
| title_short | Erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of <it>cis</it>-regulatory modules |
| title_sort | erroneous attribution of relevant transcription factor binding sites despite successful prediction of it cis it regulatory modules |
| url | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/578 |
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