Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations
As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific compounds into mitochondria. In other words, they are used as electrophilic carriers for such chemical moieties as antioxidants, dyes, etc., to transfer them inside mito...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Membranes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/13/10/841 |
| _version_ | 1797573020990046208 |
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| author | Svyatoslav Sokolov Anna Zyrina Sergey Akimov Dmitry Knorre Fedor Severin |
| author_facet | Svyatoslav Sokolov Anna Zyrina Sergey Akimov Dmitry Knorre Fedor Severin |
| author_sort | Svyatoslav Sokolov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific compounds into mitochondria. In other words, they are used as electrophilic carriers for such chemical moieties as antioxidants, dyes, etc., to transfer them inside mitochondria. However, unmodified penetrating cations affect different aspects of cellular physiology as well. In this review, we have attempted to summarise the data about the side effects of commonly used natural (e.g., berberine) and artificial (e.g., tetraphenylphosphonium, rhodamine, methylene blue) penetrating cations on cellular physiology. For instance, it was shown that such types of molecules can (1) facilitate proton transport across membranes; (2) react with redox groups of the respiratory chain; (3) induce DNA damage; (4) interfere with pleiotropic drug resistance; (5) disturb membrane integrity; and (6) inhibit enzymes. Also, the products of the biodegradation of penetrating cations can be toxic. As penetrating cations accumulate in mitochondria, their toxicity is mostly due to mitochondrial damage. Mitochondria from certain types of cancer cells appear to be especially sensitive to penetrating cations. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects and the anti-cancer activity of penetrating cations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:03:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-60d74cf051774250a16bc3470c92d86e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0375 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:03:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Membranes |
| spelling | doaj.art-60d74cf051774250a16bc3470c92d86e2023-11-19T17:19:19ZengMDPI AGMembranes2077-03752023-10-01131084110.3390/membranes13100841Toxic Effects of Penetrating CationsSvyatoslav Sokolov0Anna Zyrina1Sergey Akimov2Dmitry Knorre3Fedor Severin4Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, RussiaChumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Premises 8, Bldg. 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, RussiaFrumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 LeninskiyProspekt, 119071 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, RussiaAs mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific compounds into mitochondria. In other words, they are used as electrophilic carriers for such chemical moieties as antioxidants, dyes, etc., to transfer them inside mitochondria. However, unmodified penetrating cations affect different aspects of cellular physiology as well. In this review, we have attempted to summarise the data about the side effects of commonly used natural (e.g., berberine) and artificial (e.g., tetraphenylphosphonium, rhodamine, methylene blue) penetrating cations on cellular physiology. For instance, it was shown that such types of molecules can (1) facilitate proton transport across membranes; (2) react with redox groups of the respiratory chain; (3) induce DNA damage; (4) interfere with pleiotropic drug resistance; (5) disturb membrane integrity; and (6) inhibit enzymes. Also, the products of the biodegradation of penetrating cations can be toxic. As penetrating cations accumulate in mitochondria, their toxicity is mostly due to mitochondrial damage. Mitochondria from certain types of cancer cells appear to be especially sensitive to penetrating cations. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects and the anti-cancer activity of penetrating cations.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/13/10/841penetrating cationsmitochondriamembraneuncouplerphospholipid bilayeranti-cancer |
| spellingShingle | Svyatoslav Sokolov Anna Zyrina Sergey Akimov Dmitry Knorre Fedor Severin Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations Membranes penetrating cations mitochondria membrane uncoupler phospholipid bilayer anti-cancer |
| title | Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations |
| title_full | Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations |
| title_fullStr | Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations |
| title_short | Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations |
| title_sort | toxic effects of penetrating cations |
| topic | penetrating cations mitochondria membrane uncoupler phospholipid bilayer anti-cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/13/10/841 |
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