Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield
In tomato cultivation, a rare natural mutation in the flowering repressor antiflorigen gene <i>SELF-PRUNING</i> (<i>sp-classic</i>) induces precocious shoot termination and is the foundation in determinate tomato breeding for open field production. Heterozygous <i>singl...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/13/7149 |
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| author | Min-Sung Kang Yong Jun Kim Jung Heo Sujeevan Rajendran Xingang Wang Jong Hyang Bae Zachary Lippman Soon Ju Park |
| author_facet | Min-Sung Kang Yong Jun Kim Jung Heo Sujeevan Rajendran Xingang Wang Jong Hyang Bae Zachary Lippman Soon Ju Park |
| author_sort | Min-Sung Kang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In tomato cultivation, a rare natural mutation in the flowering repressor antiflorigen gene <i>SELF-PRUNING</i> (<i>sp-classic</i>) induces precocious shoot termination and is the foundation in determinate tomato breeding for open field production. Heterozygous <i>single flower truss</i> (<i>sft</i>) mutants in the florigen <i>SFT</i> gene in the background of <i>sp-classic</i> provide a heterosis-like effect by delaying shoot termination, suggesting the subtle suppression of determinacy by genetic modification of the florigen–antiflorigen balance could improve yield. Here, we isolated three new <i>sp</i> alleles from the tomato germplasm that show modified determinate growth compared to <i>sp-classic,</i> including one allele that mimics the effect of <i>sft</i> heterozygosity. Two deletion alleles eliminated functional transcripts and showed similar shoot termination, determinate growth, and yields as <i>sp-classic</i>. In contrast, amino acid substitution allele <i>sp-5732</i> showed semi-determinate growth with more leaves and sympodial shoots on all shoots. This translated to greater yield compared to the other stronger alleles by up to 42%. Transcriptome profiling of axillary (sympodial) shoot meristems (SYM) from <i>sp-classic</i> and wild type plants revealed six mis-regulated genes related to the floral transition, which were used as biomarkers to show that the maturation of SYMs in the weaker <i>sp-5732</i> genotype is delayed compared to <i>sp-classic,</i> consistent with delayed shoot termination and semi-determinate growth. Assessing <i>sp</i> allele frequencies from over 500 accessions indicated that one of the strong <i>sp</i> alleles (<i>sp-2798</i>) arose in early breeding cultivars but was not selected. The newly discovered <i>sp</i> alleles are potentially valuable resources to quantitatively manipulate shoot growth and yield in determinate breeding programs, with <i>sp-5732</i> providing an opportunity to develop semi-determinate field varieties with higher yields. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:49:49Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:49:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-60ddd7f528fe455abe2ac0608720103b2023-11-23T20:08:54ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-06-012313714910.3390/ijms23137149Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and YieldMin-Sung Kang0Yong Jun Kim1Jung Heo2Sujeevan Rajendran3Xingang Wang4Jong Hyang Bae5Zachary Lippman6Soon Ju Park7Department of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, KoreaCold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USADepartment of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, KoreaCold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USADepartment of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, KoreaIn tomato cultivation, a rare natural mutation in the flowering repressor antiflorigen gene <i>SELF-PRUNING</i> (<i>sp-classic</i>) induces precocious shoot termination and is the foundation in determinate tomato breeding for open field production. Heterozygous <i>single flower truss</i> (<i>sft</i>) mutants in the florigen <i>SFT</i> gene in the background of <i>sp-classic</i> provide a heterosis-like effect by delaying shoot termination, suggesting the subtle suppression of determinacy by genetic modification of the florigen–antiflorigen balance could improve yield. Here, we isolated three new <i>sp</i> alleles from the tomato germplasm that show modified determinate growth compared to <i>sp-classic,</i> including one allele that mimics the effect of <i>sft</i> heterozygosity. Two deletion alleles eliminated functional transcripts and showed similar shoot termination, determinate growth, and yields as <i>sp-classic</i>. In contrast, amino acid substitution allele <i>sp-5732</i> showed semi-determinate growth with more leaves and sympodial shoots on all shoots. This translated to greater yield compared to the other stronger alleles by up to 42%. Transcriptome profiling of axillary (sympodial) shoot meristems (SYM) from <i>sp-classic</i> and wild type plants revealed six mis-regulated genes related to the floral transition, which were used as biomarkers to show that the maturation of SYMs in the weaker <i>sp-5732</i> genotype is delayed compared to <i>sp-classic,</i> consistent with delayed shoot termination and semi-determinate growth. Assessing <i>sp</i> allele frequencies from over 500 accessions indicated that one of the strong <i>sp</i> alleles (<i>sp-2798</i>) arose in early breeding cultivars but was not selected. The newly discovered <i>sp</i> alleles are potentially valuable resources to quantitatively manipulate shoot growth and yield in determinate breeding programs, with <i>sp-5732</i> providing an opportunity to develop semi-determinate field varieties with higher yields.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/13/7149tomatosympodial growthsemi-determinatecore collectionyield |
| spellingShingle | Min-Sung Kang Yong Jun Kim Jung Heo Sujeevan Rajendran Xingang Wang Jong Hyang Bae Zachary Lippman Soon Ju Park Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield International Journal of Molecular Sciences tomato sympodial growth semi-determinate core collection yield |
| title | Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield |
| title_full | Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield |
| title_fullStr | Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield |
| title_full_unstemmed | Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield |
| title_short | Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene <i>SELF PRUNING</i> Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield |
| title_sort | newly discovered alleles of the tomato antiflorigen gene i self pruning i provide a range of plant compactness and yield |
| topic | tomato sympodial growth semi-determinate core collection yield |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/13/7149 |
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