Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10–15% of total breast cance...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/57/1/62 |
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| author | Sylvia Annabel Dass Kim Liu Tan Rehasri Selva Rajan Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar Elis Rosliza Mohd Adzmi Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al-Astani Tengku Din Venugopal Balakrishnan |
| author_facet | Sylvia Annabel Dass Kim Liu Tan Rehasri Selva Rajan Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar Elis Rosliza Mohd Adzmi Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al-Astani Tengku Din Venugopal Balakrishnan |
| author_sort | Sylvia Annabel Dass |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10–15% of total breast cancer cases with a poor prognosis and high relapse rate within five years after treatment compared to non-TNBC cases. The diagnostic and subtyping of TNBC tumors are essential to determine the treatment alternatives and establish personalized, targeted medications for every TNBC individual. Currently, TNBC is diagnosed via a two-step procedure of imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC), which are operator-dependent and potentially time-consuming. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of rapid and advanced technologies to enhance the diagnostic efficiency of TNBC. This review discusses the overview of breast cancer with emphasis on TNBC subtypes and the current diagnostic approaches of TNBC along with its challenges. Most importantly, we have presented several promising strategies that can be utilized as future TNBC diagnostic modalities and simultaneously enhance the efficacy of TNBC diagnostic. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T06:14:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-615a80c908e0496ab24a285a13d28727 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T06:14:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-615a80c908e0496ab24a285a13d287272023-09-03T02:45:07ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X2021-01-0157626210.3390/medicina57010062Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic ModalitiesSylvia Annabel Dass0Kim Liu Tan1Rehasri Selva Rajan2Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar3Elis Rosliza Mohd Adzmi4Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman5Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al-Astani Tengku Din6Venugopal Balakrishnan7Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, MalaysiaDepartment of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, MalaysiaBreast Cancer Awareness & Research Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, MalaysiaTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10–15% of total breast cancer cases with a poor prognosis and high relapse rate within five years after treatment compared to non-TNBC cases. The diagnostic and subtyping of TNBC tumors are essential to determine the treatment alternatives and establish personalized, targeted medications for every TNBC individual. Currently, TNBC is diagnosed via a two-step procedure of imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC), which are operator-dependent and potentially time-consuming. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of rapid and advanced technologies to enhance the diagnostic efficiency of TNBC. This review discusses the overview of breast cancer with emphasis on TNBC subtypes and the current diagnostic approaches of TNBC along with its challenges. Most importantly, we have presented several promising strategies that can be utilized as future TNBC diagnostic modalities and simultaneously enhance the efficacy of TNBC diagnostic.https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/57/1/62triple negative breast cancerfuture diagnosisbreast cancer |
| spellingShingle | Sylvia Annabel Dass Kim Liu Tan Rehasri Selva Rajan Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar Elis Rosliza Mohd Adzmi Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al-Astani Tengku Din Venugopal Balakrishnan Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities Medicina triple negative breast cancer future diagnosis breast cancer |
| title | Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities |
| title_full | Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities |
| title_fullStr | Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities |
| title_short | Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities |
| title_sort | triple negative breast cancer a review of present and future diagnostic modalities |
| topic | triple negative breast cancer future diagnosis breast cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/57/1/62 |
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