Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets
Regulatory compliance of experimental releases into the environment of not yet approved genetically modified plants often requires implementation of measures to reduce the dispersal of reproductive material. To study the impact of nets on pollen flow in an experimental field site in Switzerland, non...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/9/1754 |
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| author | Ina Schlathölter Anna Dalbosco Michael Meissle Andrea Knauf Alex Dallemulle Beat Keller Jörg Romeis Giovanni A. L. Broggini Andrea Patocchi |
| author_facet | Ina Schlathölter Anna Dalbosco Michael Meissle Andrea Knauf Alex Dallemulle Beat Keller Jörg Romeis Giovanni A. L. Broggini Andrea Patocchi |
| author_sort | Ina Schlathölter |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Regulatory compliance of experimental releases into the environment of not yet approved genetically modified plants often requires implementation of measures to reduce the dispersal of reproductive material. To study the impact of nets on pollen flow in an experimental field site in Switzerland, non-GM apple varieties ‘Ladina’ and ’Nicogreen’ were planted inside and outside a netted plot, respectively. Seeds harvested from mature fruits were germinated and the paternal variety of the seedlings was determined using simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. We demonstrate that pollination frequency from trees inside the netted plot to trees outside over a two-year (2018 and 2019) study of 4500 seedlings is 0.6% (26 seedlings). Moreover, these outcrossing events decreased with increasing distance from the pollen donor. Over the study period, we found on average 0.9%, 0.5%, 0.4% and 0.09% of the seedlings derived from apples of ‘Nicogreen’ trees at 8 m, 15 m, 72 m and 117 m being generated by fertilisations of ‘Ladina’ pollen, respectively. In comparison, 48.3% (2018 season) and 75.1% (2019 season) of examined ‘Ladina’ seedlings in the netted plot originated from ‘Nicogreen’ tree pollen outside the netted plot. The results suggest that insect netting is effective in minimizing egress of apple pollen from an experimental site and that the likelihood of outcrossing is reduced further (<0.1%) when there are no compatible apple trees within a radius of 100 m of the pollen donor. These data are important for biosafety research/regulation to aid understanding of pollen flow in experimental field sites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:59:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-618f20adaf0d4777a29ccc609d9038df |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:59:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-618f20adaf0d4777a29ccc609d9038df2023-11-22T11:37:50ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-08-01119175410.3390/agronomy11091754Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with NetsIna Schlathölter0Anna Dalbosco1Michael Meissle2Andrea Knauf3Alex Dallemulle4Beat Keller5Jörg Romeis6Giovanni A. L. Broggini7Andrea Patocchi8Breeding Research, Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Waedenswil, SwitzerlandBreeding Research, Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Waedenswil, SwitzerlandBiosafety Research Group, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandBreeding Research, Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Waedenswil, SwitzerlandBreeding Research, Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Waedenswil, SwitzerlandBreeding Research, Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Waedenswil, SwitzerlandBiosafety Research Group, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandMolecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandBreeding Research, Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Waedenswil, SwitzerlandRegulatory compliance of experimental releases into the environment of not yet approved genetically modified plants often requires implementation of measures to reduce the dispersal of reproductive material. To study the impact of nets on pollen flow in an experimental field site in Switzerland, non-GM apple varieties ‘Ladina’ and ’Nicogreen’ were planted inside and outside a netted plot, respectively. Seeds harvested from mature fruits were germinated and the paternal variety of the seedlings was determined using simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. We demonstrate that pollination frequency from trees inside the netted plot to trees outside over a two-year (2018 and 2019) study of 4500 seedlings is 0.6% (26 seedlings). Moreover, these outcrossing events decreased with increasing distance from the pollen donor. Over the study period, we found on average 0.9%, 0.5%, 0.4% and 0.09% of the seedlings derived from apples of ‘Nicogreen’ trees at 8 m, 15 m, 72 m and 117 m being generated by fertilisations of ‘Ladina’ pollen, respectively. In comparison, 48.3% (2018 season) and 75.1% (2019 season) of examined ‘Ladina’ seedlings in the netted plot originated from ‘Nicogreen’ tree pollen outside the netted plot. The results suggest that insect netting is effective in minimizing egress of apple pollen from an experimental site and that the likelihood of outcrossing is reduced further (<0.1%) when there are no compatible apple trees within a radius of 100 m of the pollen donor. These data are important for biosafety research/regulation to aid understanding of pollen flow in experimental field sites.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/9/1754outcrossingMalus × domesticagenetically modifiedfield trialpollen flowbiosafety regulation |
| spellingShingle | Ina Schlathölter Anna Dalbosco Michael Meissle Andrea Knauf Alex Dallemulle Beat Keller Jörg Romeis Giovanni A. L. Broggini Andrea Patocchi Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets Agronomy outcrossing Malus × domestica genetically modified field trial pollen flow biosafety regulation |
| title | Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets |
| title_full | Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets |
| title_fullStr | Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets |
| title_short | Low Outcrossing from an Apple Field Trial Protected with Nets |
| title_sort | low outcrossing from an apple field trial protected with nets |
| topic | outcrossing Malus × domestica genetically modified field trial pollen flow biosafety regulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/9/1754 |
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