Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source
Halocarbons are produced naturally in the oceans by biological and chemical processes. They are emitted from surface seawater into the atmosphere, where they take part in numerous chemical processes such as ozone destruction and the oxidation of mercury and dimethyl sulfide. Here we present ocea...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2016-09-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/12219/2016/acp-16-12219-2016.pdf |
| _version_ | 1830408293245255680 |
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| author | H. Hepach H. Hepach B. Quack S. Tegtmeier A. Engel A. Bracher A. Bracher S. Fuhlbrügge L. Galgani L. Galgani E. L. Atlas J. Lampel U. Frieß K. Krüger |
| author_facet | H. Hepach H. Hepach B. Quack S. Tegtmeier A. Engel A. Bracher A. Bracher S. Fuhlbrügge L. Galgani L. Galgani E. L. Atlas J. Lampel U. Frieß K. Krüger |
| author_sort | H. Hepach |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Halocarbons are produced naturally in the oceans by biological and
chemical processes. They are emitted from surface seawater into the
atmosphere, where they take part in numerous chemical processes such as ozone
destruction and the oxidation of mercury and dimethyl sulfide. Here we
present oceanic and atmospheric halocarbon data for the Peruvian upwelling
zone obtained during the M91 cruise onboard the research vessel
<i>METEOR</i> in December 2012. Surface waters during the cruise were
characterized by moderate concentrations of bromoform (CHBr<sub>3</sub>) and
dibromomethane (CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>) correlating with diatom biomass derived
from marker pigment concentrations, which suggests this phytoplankton group
is a likely source. Concentrations measured for the iodinated compounds methyl
iodide (CH<sub>3</sub>I) of up to 35.4 pmol L<sup>−1</sup>, chloroiodomethane
(CH<sub>2</sub>ClI) of up to 58.1 pmol L<sup>−1</sup> and diiodomethane (CH<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>)
of up to 32.4 pmol L<sup>−1</sup> in water samples were much higher than previously
reported for the tropical Atlantic upwelling systems. Iodocarbons also
correlated with the diatom biomass and even more significantly with dissolved
organic matter (DOM) components measured in the surface water. Our results
suggest a biological source of these compounds as a significant driving factor
for the observed large iodocarbon concentrations. Elevated atmospheric mixing
ratios of CH<sub>3</sub>I (up to 3.2 ppt), CH<sub>2</sub>ClI (up to 2.5 ppt) and
CH<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub> (3.3 ppt) above the upwelling were correlated with seawater
concentrations and high sea-to-air fluxes. During the first part of the
cruise, the enhanced iodocarbon production in the Peruvian upwelling
contributed significantly to tropospheric iodine levels, while this
contribution was considerably smaller during the second part. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T18:47:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-61baefd145a94061a931ee99e5312a33 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T18:47:59Z |
| publishDate | 2016-09-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-61baefd145a94061a931ee99e5312a332022-12-21T19:29:38ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242016-09-0116122191223710.5194/acp-16-12219-2016Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen sourceH. Hepach0H. Hepach1B. Quack2S. Tegtmeier3A. Engel4A. Bracher5A. Bracher6S. Fuhlbrügge7L. Galgani8L. Galgani9E. L. Atlas10J. Lampel11U. Frieß12K. Krüger13GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germanynow at: Environment Department, University of York, York, UKGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, GermanyGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, GermanyGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, GermanyAlfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, GermanyGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germanynow at: Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, Miami, USAInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayHalocarbons are produced naturally in the oceans by biological and chemical processes. They are emitted from surface seawater into the atmosphere, where they take part in numerous chemical processes such as ozone destruction and the oxidation of mercury and dimethyl sulfide. Here we present oceanic and atmospheric halocarbon data for the Peruvian upwelling zone obtained during the M91 cruise onboard the research vessel <i>METEOR</i> in December 2012. Surface waters during the cruise were characterized by moderate concentrations of bromoform (CHBr<sub>3</sub>) and dibromomethane (CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>) correlating with diatom biomass derived from marker pigment concentrations, which suggests this phytoplankton group is a likely source. Concentrations measured for the iodinated compounds methyl iodide (CH<sub>3</sub>I) of up to 35.4 pmol L<sup>−1</sup>, chloroiodomethane (CH<sub>2</sub>ClI) of up to 58.1 pmol L<sup>−1</sup> and diiodomethane (CH<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>) of up to 32.4 pmol L<sup>−1</sup> in water samples were much higher than previously reported for the tropical Atlantic upwelling systems. Iodocarbons also correlated with the diatom biomass and even more significantly with dissolved organic matter (DOM) components measured in the surface water. Our results suggest a biological source of these compounds as a significant driving factor for the observed large iodocarbon concentrations. Elevated atmospheric mixing ratios of CH<sub>3</sub>I (up to 3.2 ppt), CH<sub>2</sub>ClI (up to 2.5 ppt) and CH<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub> (3.3 ppt) above the upwelling were correlated with seawater concentrations and high sea-to-air fluxes. During the first part of the cruise, the enhanced iodocarbon production in the Peruvian upwelling contributed significantly to tropospheric iodine levels, while this contribution was considerably smaller during the second part.https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/12219/2016/acp-16-12219-2016.pdf |
| spellingShingle | H. Hepach H. Hepach B. Quack S. Tegtmeier A. Engel A. Bracher A. Bracher S. Fuhlbrügge L. Galgani L. Galgani E. L. Atlas J. Lampel U. Frieß K. Krüger Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source |
| title_full | Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source |
| title_fullStr | Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source |
| title_short | Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source |
| title_sort | biogenic halocarbons from the peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source |
| url | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/12219/2016/acp-16-12219-2016.pdf |
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