Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i>
<i>Ephedra foeminea</i> is a traditional medicinal plant used in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study aims to investigate the chemical profiles of different solvent extracts of <i>E. foeminea</i> via an untargeted metabolomics approach, alongside determining their ant...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/5/451 |
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| author | Ruba Al-Nemi Arwa A. Makki Khaled Sawalha Dina Hajjar Mariusz Jaremko |
| author_facet | Ruba Al-Nemi Arwa A. Makki Khaled Sawalha Dina Hajjar Mariusz Jaremko |
| author_sort | Ruba Al-Nemi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> is a traditional medicinal plant used in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study aims to investigate the chemical profiles of different solvent extracts of <i>E. foeminea</i> via an untargeted metabolomics approach, alongside determining their antioxidant capacities. <i>E. foeminea</i> samples collected from Jordan were macerated in solvents of varying polarities; dichloromethane/methanol, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone. The crude extracts were subjected to comprehensive chemical profiling and metabolomics study using Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Liquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The obtained data were analyzed using Venn diagrams, Principle Component Analysis (PCA), and Metabolite Enrichment Set Analysis (MESA). ABTS assay was performed to measure the crude extracts’ antioxidant activity. MESA revealed the dominant chemical groups as amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Results indicated that dichloromethane/methanol and methanolic extracts had the most distinct composition as well as the most unique compounds. The methanolic extract had the most potency (IC<sub>50</sub> 249.6 µg/mL) in the ABTS assay. However, no significant differences were found. In conclusion, solvents influenced the recovery of metabolites in <i>E. foeminea</i> and the antioxidant activity of the <i>E. foeminea</i> methanolic extract could be correlated to the abundant presence of diverse bioactive compounds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:26:00Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:26:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-61c64499716740a3876d13831536b1a12023-11-23T12:07:40ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-05-0112545110.3390/metabo12050451Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i>Ruba Al-Nemi0Arwa A. Makki1Khaled Sawalha2Dina Hajjar3Mariusz Jaremko4Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Al Quds University, P.O. Box 51000, Jerusalem 9103401, PalestineDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSmart-Health Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia<i>Ephedra foeminea</i> is a traditional medicinal plant used in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study aims to investigate the chemical profiles of different solvent extracts of <i>E. foeminea</i> via an untargeted metabolomics approach, alongside determining their antioxidant capacities. <i>E. foeminea</i> samples collected from Jordan were macerated in solvents of varying polarities; dichloromethane/methanol, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone. The crude extracts were subjected to comprehensive chemical profiling and metabolomics study using Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Liquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The obtained data were analyzed using Venn diagrams, Principle Component Analysis (PCA), and Metabolite Enrichment Set Analysis (MESA). ABTS assay was performed to measure the crude extracts’ antioxidant activity. MESA revealed the dominant chemical groups as amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Results indicated that dichloromethane/methanol and methanolic extracts had the most distinct composition as well as the most unique compounds. The methanolic extract had the most potency (IC<sub>50</sub> 249.6 µg/mL) in the ABTS assay. However, no significant differences were found. In conclusion, solvents influenced the recovery of metabolites in <i>E. foeminea</i> and the antioxidant activity of the <i>E. foeminea</i> methanolic extract could be correlated to the abundant presence of diverse bioactive compounds.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/5/451<i>Ephedra foeminea</i>EphedraceaeNMRGC–MSLC–MSuntargeted metabolomics |
| spellingShingle | Ruba Al-Nemi Arwa A. Makki Khaled Sawalha Dina Hajjar Mariusz Jaremko Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> Metabolites <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> Ephedraceae NMR GC–MS LC–MS untargeted metabolomics |
| title | Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> |
| title_full | Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> |
| title_fullStr | Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> |
| title_short | Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Solvent Crude Extracts of <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> |
| title_sort | untargeted metabolomic profiling and antioxidant capacities of different solvent crude extracts of i ephedra foeminea i |
| topic | <i>Ephedra foeminea</i> Ephedraceae NMR GC–MS LC–MS untargeted metabolomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/5/451 |
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