True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review
Contrary to what is true for adults, little is known about pediatric long COVID (LC). Studies enrolling children are relatively few and extremely heterogeneous. This does not allow to draw definitive conclusions on the frequency and pathogenesis of pediatric LC and limits the development of appropri...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225952/full |
| _version_ | 1797685705750609920 |
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| author | Susanna Esposito Michela Deolmi Greta Ramundo Matteo Puntoni Caterina Caminiti Nicola Principi |
| author_facet | Susanna Esposito Michela Deolmi Greta Ramundo Matteo Puntoni Caterina Caminiti Nicola Principi |
| author_sort | Susanna Esposito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Contrary to what is true for adults, little is known about pediatric long COVID (LC). Studies enrolling children are relatively few and extremely heterogeneous. This does not allow to draw definitive conclusions on the frequency and pathogenesis of pediatric LC and limits the development of appropriate and effective measures to contain the clinical, social and economic impact of this condition on the pediatric population. Depending on the methods used to collect and analyze data, studies have found that the incidence rate of pediatric LC may vary from about 25% to less than 5%. However, despite true prevalence of pediatric LC cannot be exactly defined, studies comparing children with previous COVID-19 and uninfected controls have shown that most of the clinical manifestations detected in infected children, mainly mood symptoms, mental health disorders and heart abnormalities could be diagnosed with similar frequency and severity in uninfected subjects also. This seems to indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of pediatric LC only in a part of children and other factors play a relevant role in this regard. Pandemic itself with the persistent disruption of child lives may have caused persistent stress in all the pediatric population causing mood symptoms, mental health disorders or several organ and body system functional alterations, regardless SARS-CoV-2 infection. These suppositions suggest the need for long-term physical control of all the children after COVID-19 especially when they were already suffering from an underlying disease or have had a severe disease. Moreover, attention should be paid to the assessment of change in children’s emotional and behavioral functioning in order to assure adequate interventions for the best emotional and behavioral well being. However, whatever its origin, it seems highly likely that the prevalence of the pediatric LC is set to decline in the future. Preliminary observations seem to suggest that recently developed SARS-CoV-2 variants are associated with less severe COVID-19. This suggests that, as already seen in adults, a lower number of pediatric virus-associated LC cases should occur. Furthermore, the use of COVID-19 vaccines, reducing incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, may reduce risk of LC development. Finally, elimination of restrictive measures should significantly reduce mood symptoms and mental health disorders. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:55:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-61cc403be1bf485a91051ee4cfa3348b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:55:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-61cc403be1bf485a91051ee4cfa3348b2023-09-14T14:14:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2023-09-011410.3389/fmicb.2023.12259521225952True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative reviewSusanna Esposito0Michela Deolmi1Greta Ramundo2Matteo Puntoni3Caterina Caminiti4Nicola Principi5Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, ItalyPediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, ItalyPediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, ItalyClinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, ItalyClinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, ItalyUniversità degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyContrary to what is true for adults, little is known about pediatric long COVID (LC). Studies enrolling children are relatively few and extremely heterogeneous. This does not allow to draw definitive conclusions on the frequency and pathogenesis of pediatric LC and limits the development of appropriate and effective measures to contain the clinical, social and economic impact of this condition on the pediatric population. Depending on the methods used to collect and analyze data, studies have found that the incidence rate of pediatric LC may vary from about 25% to less than 5%. However, despite true prevalence of pediatric LC cannot be exactly defined, studies comparing children with previous COVID-19 and uninfected controls have shown that most of the clinical manifestations detected in infected children, mainly mood symptoms, mental health disorders and heart abnormalities could be diagnosed with similar frequency and severity in uninfected subjects also. This seems to indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of pediatric LC only in a part of children and other factors play a relevant role in this regard. Pandemic itself with the persistent disruption of child lives may have caused persistent stress in all the pediatric population causing mood symptoms, mental health disorders or several organ and body system functional alterations, regardless SARS-CoV-2 infection. These suppositions suggest the need for long-term physical control of all the children after COVID-19 especially when they were already suffering from an underlying disease or have had a severe disease. Moreover, attention should be paid to the assessment of change in children’s emotional and behavioral functioning in order to assure adequate interventions for the best emotional and behavioral well being. However, whatever its origin, it seems highly likely that the prevalence of the pediatric LC is set to decline in the future. Preliminary observations seem to suggest that recently developed SARS-CoV-2 variants are associated with less severe COVID-19. This suggests that, as already seen in adults, a lower number of pediatric virus-associated LC cases should occur. Furthermore, the use of COVID-19 vaccines, reducing incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, may reduce risk of LC development. Finally, elimination of restrictive measures should significantly reduce mood symptoms and mental health disorders.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225952/fullCOVID-19COVID vaccineslong COVIDpediatric infectious diseasesSARS-CoV-2viral variants |
| spellingShingle | Susanna Esposito Michela Deolmi Greta Ramundo Matteo Puntoni Caterina Caminiti Nicola Principi True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review Frontiers in Microbiology COVID-19 COVID vaccines long COVID pediatric infectious diseases SARS-CoV-2 viral variants |
| title | True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review |
| title_full | True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review |
| title_fullStr | True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review |
| title_full_unstemmed | True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review |
| title_short | True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review |
| title_sort | true prevalence of long covid in children a narrative review |
| topic | COVID-19 COVID vaccines long COVID pediatric infectious diseases SARS-CoV-2 viral variants |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225952/full |
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