Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death
Particulate matter (PM) is a significant environmental pollutant that promotes respiratory diseases, including lung injury and inflammation, by inducing oxidative stress. <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> (black soybean) is traditionally used to prevent chronic respiratory disease via inducing...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3660 |
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| author | Hye-Ji Lee Hye-Jin Park |
| author_facet | Hye-Ji Lee Hye-Jin Park |
| author_sort | Hye-Ji Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Particulate matter (PM) is a significant environmental pollutant that promotes respiratory diseases, including lung injury and inflammation, by inducing oxidative stress. <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> (black soybean) is traditionally used to prevent chronic respiratory disease via inducing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. To investigate the effects of <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 fermented GR (GR-SC65) and <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> ON81A (GR-ON81A) against PM-induced oxidative stress and cell death in A549 cells, we performed the 2-7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and cell counting kit-8 assays, as well as Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining and western blotting. GR-SC65 showed the highest total polyphenolic contents and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylidrazil radical scavenging activity among lactic acid bacteria-fermented GRs (<i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. GR). Four soy peptides, β-conglycinin breakdowns (INAENNQRNF, ISSEDKPFN, LAFPGSAQAVEK, and LAFPGSAKDIEN), were detected in GR-SC65, but not in GR. In GR-SC65, PM-induced A549 cell death was less than that observed in GR-ON81A and GR (<i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM-treated group). GR-SC65 significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) when compared with PM (*** <i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM). GR-SC65 decreased the levels of BAX, active caspase-9, -3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) proteins (<sup>#</sup><i>p</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM), while increasing the level of BCL-2 protein, a mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein (<sup>###</sup><i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM). Our findings indicate that GR-SC65 inhibited PM-induced cell death by suppressing the levels of ROS, active caspase-9 and -3, and PARP proteins, while enhancing the level of BCL-2 protein in type II alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Therefore, GR-SC65 might be a potential therapeutic and preventive agent against PM-induced lung injury. |
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| id | doaj.art-61d6e8d424d24f5e9e64605e73f8b723 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:42:32Z |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-61d6e8d424d24f5e9e64605e73f8b7232023-11-21T13:45:37ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01227366010.3390/ijms22073660Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell DeathHye-Ji Lee0Hye-Jin Park1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaParticulate matter (PM) is a significant environmental pollutant that promotes respiratory diseases, including lung injury and inflammation, by inducing oxidative stress. <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> (black soybean) is traditionally used to prevent chronic respiratory disease via inducing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. To investigate the effects of <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 fermented GR (GR-SC65) and <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> ON81A (GR-ON81A) against PM-induced oxidative stress and cell death in A549 cells, we performed the 2-7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and cell counting kit-8 assays, as well as Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining and western blotting. GR-SC65 showed the highest total polyphenolic contents and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylidrazil radical scavenging activity among lactic acid bacteria-fermented GRs (<i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. GR). Four soy peptides, β-conglycinin breakdowns (INAENNQRNF, ISSEDKPFN, LAFPGSAQAVEK, and LAFPGSAKDIEN), were detected in GR-SC65, but not in GR. In GR-SC65, PM-induced A549 cell death was less than that observed in GR-ON81A and GR (<i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM-treated group). GR-SC65 significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) when compared with PM (*** <i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM). GR-SC65 decreased the levels of BAX, active caspase-9, -3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) proteins (<sup>#</sup><i>p</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM), while increasing the level of BCL-2 protein, a mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein (<sup>###</sup><i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. PM). Our findings indicate that GR-SC65 inhibited PM-induced cell death by suppressing the levels of ROS, active caspase-9 and -3, and PARP proteins, while enhancing the level of BCL-2 protein in type II alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Therefore, GR-SC65 might be a potential therapeutic and preventive agent against PM-induced lung injury.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3660PM < 11ROSA549 cellscell deathapoptosisgerminated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 |
| spellingShingle | Hye-Ji Lee Hye-Jin Park Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death International Journal of Molecular Sciences PM < 11 ROS A549 cells cell death apoptosis germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 |
| title | Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death |
| title_full | Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death |
| title_fullStr | Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death |
| title_full_unstemmed | Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death |
| title_short | Germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> Fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death |
| title_sort | germinated i rhynchosia nulubilis i fermented with i lactobacillus pentosus i sc65 reduces particulate matter induced type ii alveolar epithelial apoptotic cell death |
| topic | PM < 11 ROS A549 cells cell death apoptosis germinated <i>Rhynchosia nulubilis</i> fermented with <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> SC65 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3660 |
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