Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal)
Duckweed species, particularly <i>Lemna minor</i>, are widely found in freshwaters all over the world. This macrophyte provides multiple ecosystems’ functions and services, but its excessive proliferation can have negative environmental impacts (including ecological and socio-economic im...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/15/2284 |
| _version_ | 1797411962331594752 |
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| author | Romeu Gerardo Isabel P. de Lima |
| author_facet | Romeu Gerardo Isabel P. de Lima |
| author_sort | Romeu Gerardo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Duckweed species, particularly <i>Lemna minor</i>, are widely found in freshwaters all over the world. This macrophyte provides multiple ecosystems’ functions and services, but its excessive proliferation can have negative environmental impacts (including ecological and socio-economic impacts). This work explores the use of remote sensing tools for mapping the dynamics of <i>Lemna minor</i> in open watercourses, which could contribute to identifying suitable monitoring programs and integrated management practices. The study focuses on a selected section of the Lis River (Portugal), a small river that is often affected by water pollution. The study approach uses spatiotemporal multispectral data from the Sentinel-2 satellite and from 2021 and investigates the potential of remote sensing-based vegetation and water indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI), Green Red Vegetation Index (GRVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)) for detecting duckweeds’ infestation and its severity. The NDAVI was identified as the vegetation index (VI) that better depicted the presence of duckweeds in the surface of the water course; however, results obtained for the other VIs are also encouraging, with NDVI showing a response that is very similar to NDAVI. Results are promising regarding the ability of remote sensing products to provide insight into the behavior of <i>Lemna minor</i> and to identify problematic sections along small watercourses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:54:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-621d6a4f021e458fb2dd37b11c09941e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:54:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-621d6a4f021e458fb2dd37b11c09941e2023-12-03T13:07:40ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-07-011415228410.3390/w14152284Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal)Romeu Gerardo0Isabel P. de Lima1University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalUniversity of Coimbra, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalDuckweed species, particularly <i>Lemna minor</i>, are widely found in freshwaters all over the world. This macrophyte provides multiple ecosystems’ functions and services, but its excessive proliferation can have negative environmental impacts (including ecological and socio-economic impacts). This work explores the use of remote sensing tools for mapping the dynamics of <i>Lemna minor</i> in open watercourses, which could contribute to identifying suitable monitoring programs and integrated management practices. The study focuses on a selected section of the Lis River (Portugal), a small river that is often affected by water pollution. The study approach uses spatiotemporal multispectral data from the Sentinel-2 satellite and from 2021 and investigates the potential of remote sensing-based vegetation and water indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI), Green Red Vegetation Index (GRVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)) for detecting duckweeds’ infestation and its severity. The NDAVI was identified as the vegetation index (VI) that better depicted the presence of duckweeds in the surface of the water course; however, results obtained for the other VIs are also encouraging, with NDVI showing a response that is very similar to NDAVI. Results are promising regarding the ability of remote sensing products to provide insight into the behavior of <i>Lemna minor</i> and to identify problematic sections along small watercourses.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/15/2284aquatic weedsopen watercoursesremote sensingmultispectral satellite sensorsmultispectral-based indicesenvironmental monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Romeu Gerardo Isabel P. de Lima Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal) Water aquatic weeds open watercourses remote sensing multispectral satellite sensors multispectral-based indices environmental monitoring |
| title | Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal) |
| title_full | Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal) |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal) |
| title_short | Monitoring Duckweeds (<i>Lemna minor</i>) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal) |
| title_sort | monitoring duckweeds i lemna minor i in small rivers using sentinel 2 satellite imagery application of vegetation and water indices to the lis river portugal |
| topic | aquatic weeds open watercourses remote sensing multispectral satellite sensors multispectral-based indices environmental monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/15/2284 |
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