Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands
Australian ecosystems, particularly wetlands, are facing new and extreme threats due to climate change, land use, and other human interventions. However, more fundamental knowledge is required to understand how nutrient turnover in wetlands is affected. In this study, we deployed a mechanistic bioge...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/1/42 |
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| author | Chiara Pasut Fiona H. M. Tang David P. Hamilton Federico Maggi |
| author_facet | Chiara Pasut Fiona H. M. Tang David P. Hamilton Federico Maggi |
| author_sort | Chiara Pasut |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Australian ecosystems, particularly wetlands, are facing new and extreme threats due to climate change, land use, and other human interventions. However, more fundamental knowledge is required to understand how nutrient turnover in wetlands is affected. In this study, we deployed a mechanistic biogeochemical model of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) cycles at 0.25<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>× 0.25<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> spatial resolution across wetlands in Australia. Our modeling was used to assess nutrient inputs to soil, elemental nutrient fluxes across the soil organic and mineral pools, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in different climatic areas. In the decade 2008–2017, we estimated an average annual emission of 5.12 Tg-CH<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 90.89 Tg-CO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and 2.34 × 10<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> Tg-N<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O. Temperate wetlands in Australia have three times more N<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O emissions than tropical wetlands as a result of fertilization, despite similar total area extension. Tasmania wetlands have the highest areal GHG emission rates. C fluxes in soil depend strongly on hydroclimatic factors; they are mainly controlled by anaerobic respiration in temperate and tropical regions and by aerobic respiration in arid regions. In contrast, N and S fluxes are mostly governed by plant uptake regardless of the region and season. The new knowledge from this study may help design conservation and adaptation plans to climate change and better protect the Australian wetland ecosystem. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:39:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6244b6e0d1a8417292c64a1ec0c6ee66 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:39:39Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-6244b6e0d1a8417292c64a1ec0c6ee662023-11-21T03:09:44ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-12-011214210.3390/atmos12010042Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid WetlandsChiara Pasut0Fiona H. M. Tang1David P. Hamilton2Federico Maggi3Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Bld. J05, Sydney, NSW 2006, AustraliaLaboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Bld. J05, Sydney, NSW 2006, AustraliaAustralian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, AustraliaLaboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Bld. J05, Sydney, NSW 2006, AustraliaAustralian ecosystems, particularly wetlands, are facing new and extreme threats due to climate change, land use, and other human interventions. However, more fundamental knowledge is required to understand how nutrient turnover in wetlands is affected. In this study, we deployed a mechanistic biogeochemical model of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) cycles at 0.25<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>× 0.25<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> spatial resolution across wetlands in Australia. Our modeling was used to assess nutrient inputs to soil, elemental nutrient fluxes across the soil organic and mineral pools, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in different climatic areas. In the decade 2008–2017, we estimated an average annual emission of 5.12 Tg-CH<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 90.89 Tg-CO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and 2.34 × 10<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> Tg-N<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O. Temperate wetlands in Australia have three times more N<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O emissions than tropical wetlands as a result of fertilization, despite similar total area extension. Tasmania wetlands have the highest areal GHG emission rates. C fluxes in soil depend strongly on hydroclimatic factors; they are mainly controlled by anaerobic respiration in temperate and tropical regions and by aerobic respiration in arid regions. In contrast, N and S fluxes are mostly governed by plant uptake regardless of the region and season. The new knowledge from this study may help design conservation and adaptation plans to climate change and better protect the Australian wetland ecosystem.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/1/42wetlands modelingGHGnutrient fluxesAustraliaC cycleN cycle |
| spellingShingle | Chiara Pasut Fiona H. M. Tang David P. Hamilton Federico Maggi Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands Atmosphere wetlands modeling GHG nutrient fluxes Australia C cycle N cycle |
| title | Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands |
| title_full | Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands |
| title_fullStr | Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands |
| title_short | Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Elemental Fluxes in the Soil and Exchanges with the Atmosphere in Australian Tropical, Temperate, and Arid Wetlands |
| title_sort | carbon nitrogen and sulfur elemental fluxes in the soil and exchanges with the atmosphere in australian tropical temperate and arid wetlands |
| topic | wetlands modeling GHG nutrient fluxes Australia C cycle N cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/1/42 |
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