| Summary: | We propose smoothing spline (SS) and penalized spline (PS) methods in a class of nonparametric regression methods
for estimating the unknown functions in a conditional heteroscedastic nonlinear autoregressive (CHNLAR) model. The
CHNLAR model consists of a trend and heteroscedastic functions in terms of past data at lag 1. The SS and PS methods were
tested in estimating the unknown functions used to transform data so that it fits the trend and the heteroscedastic functions. In a
simulation study, time series data were generated and hypothesis testing of the bias was used to check the accuracy. The SS and
PS methods exhibit a good power estimation in most cases of generated data. As real data, gold price was modeled by using SS
and PS methods in the CHNLAR model. The results show that the SS method performed better than the PS method.
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