Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review
Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/167 |
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| author | Chinaza Godseill Awuchi Erick Nyakundi Ondari Sarah Nwozo Grace Akinyi Odongo Ifie Josiah Eseoghene Hannington Twinomuhwezi Chukwuka U. Ogbonna Anjani K. Upadhyay Ademiku O. Adeleye Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala |
| author_facet | Chinaza Godseill Awuchi Erick Nyakundi Ondari Sarah Nwozo Grace Akinyi Odongo Ifie Josiah Eseoghene Hannington Twinomuhwezi Chukwuka U. Ogbonna Anjani K. Upadhyay Ademiku O. Adeleye Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala |
| author_sort | Chinaza Godseill Awuchi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:22:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6250ba3d8f0a4ba4b85f1b37ac5aec00 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:22:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-6250ba3d8f0a4ba4b85f1b37ac5aec002023-11-30T22:38:57ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-02-0114316710.3390/toxins14030167Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A ReviewChinaza Godseill Awuchi0Erick Nyakundi Ondari1Sarah Nwozo2Grace Akinyi Odongo3Ifie Josiah Eseoghene4Hannington Twinomuhwezi5Chukwuka U. Ogbonna6Anjani K. Upadhyay7Ademiku O. Adeleye8Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala9Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo, Kampala P.O. Box 1, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, NigeriaHeredity Healthcare & Lifesciences, 206-KIIT TBI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, IndiaFaith Heroic Generation, No. 36 Temidire Street, Azure 340251, Ondo State, NigeriaDepartment of Functional Foods Product Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, PolandMycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/167mycotoxinsmycotoxicosismoldsdiseasehealth risks |
| spellingShingle | Chinaza Godseill Awuchi Erick Nyakundi Ondari Sarah Nwozo Grace Akinyi Odongo Ifie Josiah Eseoghene Hannington Twinomuhwezi Chukwuka U. Ogbonna Anjani K. Upadhyay Ademiku O. Adeleye Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review Toxins mycotoxins mycotoxicosis molds disease health risks |
| title | Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review |
| title_full | Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review |
| title_short | Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review |
| title_sort | mycotoxins toxicological mechanisms involving humans livestock and their associated health concerns a review |
| topic | mycotoxins mycotoxicosis molds disease health risks |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/167 |
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