Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research
Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the 'Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)' is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites g...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BioOne
2018-04-01
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| Series: | Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.elementascience.org/articles/279 |
| _version_ | 1818270799035891712 |
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| author | Allen S. Lefohn Christopher S. Malley Luther Smith Benjamin Wells Milan Hazucha Heather Simon Vaishali Naik Gina Mills Martin G. Schultz Elena Paoletti Alessandra De Marco Xiaobin Xu Li Zhang Tao Wang Howard S. Neufeld Robert C. Musselman David Tarasick Michael Brauer Zhaozhong Feng Haoye Tang Kazuhiko Kobayashi Pierre Sicard Sverre Solberg Giacomo Gerosa |
| author_facet | Allen S. Lefohn Christopher S. Malley Luther Smith Benjamin Wells Milan Hazucha Heather Simon Vaishali Naik Gina Mills Martin G. Schultz Elena Paoletti Alessandra De Marco Xiaobin Xu Li Zhang Tao Wang Howard S. Neufeld Robert C. Musselman David Tarasick Michael Brauer Zhaozhong Feng Haoye Tang Kazuhiko Kobayashi Pierre Sicard Sverre Solberg Giacomo Gerosa |
| author_sort | Allen S. Lefohn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the 'Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)' is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites globally. Investigating temporal trends in these metrics required that the same statistical methods be applied across these ozone monitoring sites. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test (for significant trends) and the Theil-Sen estimator (for estimating the magnitude of trend) were selected to provide robust methods across all sites. This paper provides the scientific underpinnings necessary to better understand the implications of and rationale for selecting a specific TOAR metric for assessing spatial and temporal variation in ozone for a particular impact. The rationale and underlying research evidence that influence the derivation of specific metrics are given. The form of 25 metrics (4 for model-measurement comparison, 5 for characterization of ozone in the free troposphere, 11 for human health impacts, and 5 for vegetation impacts) are described. Finally, this study categorizes health and vegetation exposure metrics based on the extent to which they are determined only by the highest hourly ozone levels, or by a wider range of values. The magnitude of the metrics is influenced by both the distribution of hourly average ozone concentrations at a site location, and the extent to which a particular metric is determined by relatively low, moderate, and high hourly ozone levels. Hence, for the same ozone time series, changes in the distribution of ozone concentrations can result in different changes in the magnitude and direction of trends for different metrics. Thus, dissimilar conclusions about the effect of changes in the drivers of ozone variability (e.g., precursor emissions) on health and vegetation exposure can result from the selection of different metrics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T21:16:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-62549afad1264bae918c240ac87d976e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2325-1026 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T21:16:01Z |
| publishDate | 2018-04-01 |
| publisher | BioOne |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
| spelling | doaj.art-62549afad1264bae918c240ac87d976e2022-12-22T00:11:46ZengBioOneElementa: Science of the Anthropocene2325-10262018-04-016110.1525/elementa.279253Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem researchAllen S. Lefohn0Christopher S. Malley1Luther Smith2Benjamin Wells3Milan Hazucha4Heather Simon5Vaishali Naik6Gina Mills7Martin G. Schultz8Elena Paoletti9Alessandra De Marco10Xiaobin Xu11Li Zhang12Tao Wang13Howard S. Neufeld14Robert C. Musselman15David Tarasick16Michael Brauer17Zhaozhong Feng18Haoye Tang19Kazuhiko Kobayashi20Pierre Sicard21Sverre Solberg22Giacomo Gerosa23A.S.L. & Associates, Helena. MTStockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York; NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik; School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghAlion Science and Technology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NCOffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NCCenter for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NCOffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NCNOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJNERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, BangorForschungszentrum Ju¨lich GmbH, Ju¨lichInstitute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, FlorenceItalian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, RomeKey Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, BeijingDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongDepartment of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NCUSDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, COAir Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ONSchool of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingInstitute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NanjingGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, TokyoACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard BP234, Sophia AntipolisNorwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), KjellerDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, BresciaAssessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the 'Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)' is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites globally. Investigating temporal trends in these metrics required that the same statistical methods be applied across these ozone monitoring sites. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test (for significant trends) and the Theil-Sen estimator (for estimating the magnitude of trend) were selected to provide robust methods across all sites. This paper provides the scientific underpinnings necessary to better understand the implications of and rationale for selecting a specific TOAR metric for assessing spatial and temporal variation in ozone for a particular impact. The rationale and underlying research evidence that influence the derivation of specific metrics are given. The form of 25 metrics (4 for model-measurement comparison, 5 for characterization of ozone in the free troposphere, 11 for human health impacts, and 5 for vegetation impacts) are described. Finally, this study categorizes health and vegetation exposure metrics based on the extent to which they are determined only by the highest hourly ozone levels, or by a wider range of values. The magnitude of the metrics is influenced by both the distribution of hourly average ozone concentrations at a site location, and the extent to which a particular metric is determined by relatively low, moderate, and high hourly ozone levels. Hence, for the same ozone time series, changes in the distribution of ozone concentrations can result in different changes in the magnitude and direction of trends for different metrics. Thus, dissimilar conclusions about the effect of changes in the drivers of ozone variability (e.g., precursor emissions) on health and vegetation exposure can result from the selection of different metrics.https://www.elementascience.org/articles/279tropospheric ozoneground-level ozonemetricsozone distributionsshifting ozone concentrationstrends |
| spellingShingle | Allen S. Lefohn Christopher S. Malley Luther Smith Benjamin Wells Milan Hazucha Heather Simon Vaishali Naik Gina Mills Martin G. Schultz Elena Paoletti Alessandra De Marco Xiaobin Xu Li Zhang Tao Wang Howard S. Neufeld Robert C. Musselman David Tarasick Michael Brauer Zhaozhong Feng Haoye Tang Kazuhiko Kobayashi Pierre Sicard Sverre Solberg Giacomo Gerosa Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene tropospheric ozone ground-level ozone metrics ozone distributions shifting ozone concentrations trends |
| title | Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research |
| title_full | Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research |
| title_fullStr | Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research |
| title_short | Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research |
| title_sort | tropospheric ozone assessment report global ozone metrics for climate change human health and crop ecosystem research |
| topic | tropospheric ozone ground-level ozone metrics ozone distributions shifting ozone concentrations trends |
| url | https://www.elementascience.org/articles/279 |
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