Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks
At least 24 liquefied natural gas (LNG) rollover incidents have been reported since 1960. During rollover, because of the heat ingress through the tank walls, a stratified LNG may be suddenly homogenized while releasing massive amounts of vapor. It can result in an overpressure in the tank and signi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/22/7666 |
| _version_ | 1827639922890113024 |
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| author | Tomasz Włodek Mariusz Łaciak |
| author_facet | Tomasz Włodek Mariusz Łaciak |
| author_sort | Tomasz Włodek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | At least 24 liquefied natural gas (LNG) rollover incidents have been reported since 1960. During rollover, because of the heat ingress through the tank walls, a stratified LNG may be suddenly homogenized while releasing massive amounts of vapor. It can result in an overpressure in the tank and significant amounts of potentially explosive LNG vapor being vented out. Both of these factors represent considerable hazards. Rollover is a physical mixing process in a single tank with two or more different cells of LNG of different compositions, temperatures, and densities that can manifest in large boil-off rates. It can exceed venting equipment capacities, and vapor pressure in tank increases rapidly and in extreme cases can lead to tank damage. This paper presents numerical approach for determination of time of rollover occurrence in storage tank. The presented model is based on the energy balance of the stratified cryogenic liquid and the gas phase as separate three thermodynamic systems in the storage tank. As a result of proposed model, for the adopted assumptions and cylindrical tank volume of 78,500 m<sup>3</sup>, the approximate time of the rollover occurrence was determined for two cases. In the first case, for heavier LNG, the rollover phenomenon will occur 193.25 h after the start of the calculations from the assumed initial conditions. In the second case, for light LNG with a higher initial liquid level in the tank, the rollover will occur after 150.25 h. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:51:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-625c748d54794a888ef303398d7709cc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:51:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-625c748d54794a888ef303398d7709cc2023-11-24T14:40:45ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-11-011622766610.3390/en16227666Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage TanksTomasz Włodek0Mariusz Łaciak1Natural Gas Engineering Department, Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, PolandNatural Gas Engineering Department, Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, PolandAt least 24 liquefied natural gas (LNG) rollover incidents have been reported since 1960. During rollover, because of the heat ingress through the tank walls, a stratified LNG may be suddenly homogenized while releasing massive amounts of vapor. It can result in an overpressure in the tank and significant amounts of potentially explosive LNG vapor being vented out. Both of these factors represent considerable hazards. Rollover is a physical mixing process in a single tank with two or more different cells of LNG of different compositions, temperatures, and densities that can manifest in large boil-off rates. It can exceed venting equipment capacities, and vapor pressure in tank increases rapidly and in extreme cases can lead to tank damage. This paper presents numerical approach for determination of time of rollover occurrence in storage tank. The presented model is based on the energy balance of the stratified cryogenic liquid and the gas phase as separate three thermodynamic systems in the storage tank. As a result of proposed model, for the adopted assumptions and cylindrical tank volume of 78,500 m<sup>3</sup>, the approximate time of the rollover occurrence was determined for two cases. In the first case, for heavier LNG, the rollover phenomenon will occur 193.25 h after the start of the calculations from the assumed initial conditions. In the second case, for light LNG with a higher initial liquid level in the tank, the rollover will occur after 150.25 h.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/22/7666LNGrolloverevaporationboil-off gasrollover model |
| spellingShingle | Tomasz Włodek Mariusz Łaciak Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks Energies LNG rollover evaporation boil-off gas rollover model |
| title | Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks |
| title_full | Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks |
| title_fullStr | Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks |
| title_short | Rollover Prevention Model for Stratified Liquefied Natural Gas in Storage Tanks |
| title_sort | rollover prevention model for stratified liquefied natural gas in storage tanks |
| topic | LNG rollover evaporation boil-off gas rollover model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/22/7666 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomaszwłodek rolloverpreventionmodelforstratifiedliquefiednaturalgasinstoragetanks AT mariuszłaciak rolloverpreventionmodelforstratifiedliquefiednaturalgasinstoragetanks |