The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used
For the microbiological safety of drinking water, disinfection methods are used to remove or inactivate microorganisms. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are often used as disinfectants in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). We investigated the effectiveness of these chemicals in inactivate echovir...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1216 |
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| author | Fredy Saguti Inger Kjellberg Marianela Patzi Churqui Hao Wang Timur Tunovic Jakob Ottoson Olof Bergstedt Helene Norder Kristina Nyström |
| author_facet | Fredy Saguti Inger Kjellberg Marianela Patzi Churqui Hao Wang Timur Tunovic Jakob Ottoson Olof Bergstedt Helene Norder Kristina Nyström |
| author_sort | Fredy Saguti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | For the microbiological safety of drinking water, disinfection methods are used to remove or inactivate microorganisms. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are often used as disinfectants in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). We investigated the effectiveness of these chemicals in inactivate echovirus 30 (E30), simian 11 rotavirus (RV SA11), and human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) in purified water from a DWTP. Within two minutes of contact, chlorine dioxide inactivated E30 by 4-log<sub>10</sub>, RV SA11 by 3-log<sub>10</sub>, and HAdV2 could not be detected, while chlorine reduced E30 by 3-log<sub>10</sub>, RV SA11 by 2–3log<sub>10</sub>, and HAdV2 by 3–4log<sub>10</sub>. However, viral genomes could be detected for up to 2 h using qPCR. The CT method, based on a combination of disinfectant concentration and contact time, during such a short initial phase, is problematic. The high concentrations of disinfectant needed to neutralize organic matter may have a strong immediate effect on virus viability. This may lead to the underestimation of disinfection and overdosing of disinfectants in water with organic contamination. These results are useful for the selection of disinfection systems for reuse of treated wastewater and in the risk assessment of water treatment processes using chlorine and chlorine dioxide. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:59:36Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:59:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-628045f2bb61479b9663cc7440fbfc5c2023-11-19T17:40:09ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-10-011210121610.3390/pathogens12101216The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are UsedFredy Saguti0Inger Kjellberg1Marianela Patzi Churqui2Hao Wang3Timur Tunovic4Jakob Ottoson5Olof Bergstedt6Helene Norder7Kristina Nyström8Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, SwedenGöteborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, 424 23 Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, 75126 Uppsala, SwedenGöteborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, 424 23 Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, SwedenFor the microbiological safety of drinking water, disinfection methods are used to remove or inactivate microorganisms. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are often used as disinfectants in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). We investigated the effectiveness of these chemicals in inactivate echovirus 30 (E30), simian 11 rotavirus (RV SA11), and human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) in purified water from a DWTP. Within two minutes of contact, chlorine dioxide inactivated E30 by 4-log<sub>10</sub>, RV SA11 by 3-log<sub>10</sub>, and HAdV2 could not be detected, while chlorine reduced E30 by 3-log<sub>10</sub>, RV SA11 by 2–3log<sub>10</sub>, and HAdV2 by 3–4log<sub>10</sub>. However, viral genomes could be detected for up to 2 h using qPCR. The CT method, based on a combination of disinfectant concentration and contact time, during such a short initial phase, is problematic. The high concentrations of disinfectant needed to neutralize organic matter may have a strong immediate effect on virus viability. This may lead to the underestimation of disinfection and overdosing of disinfectants in water with organic contamination. These results are useful for the selection of disinfection systems for reuse of treated wastewater and in the risk assessment of water treatment processes using chlorine and chlorine dioxide.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1216chlorinechlorine dioxidevirus viabilitydisinfection |
| spellingShingle | Fredy Saguti Inger Kjellberg Marianela Patzi Churqui Hao Wang Timur Tunovic Jakob Ottoson Olof Bergstedt Helene Norder Kristina Nyström The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used Pathogens chlorine chlorine dioxide virus viability disinfection |
| title | The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used |
| title_full | The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used |
| title_fullStr | The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used |
| title_short | The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used |
| title_sort | virucidal effect of the chlorination of water at the initial phase of disinfection may be underestimated if contact time calculations are used |
| topic | chlorine chlorine dioxide virus viability disinfection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1216 |
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