Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings
To elucidate changes in the defensive traits of tree seedlings under global environmental changes, we evaluated foliar defensive traits of the seedlings of successional trees, such as beech, oak, and magnolia grown in a natural-light phytotron. Potted seedlings were grown under the combination of tw...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/7/939 |
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| author | Yoko Watanabe Kiyomi Hinata Laiye Qu Satoshi Kitaoka Makoto Watanabe Mitsutoshi Kitao Takayoshi Koike |
| author_facet | Yoko Watanabe Kiyomi Hinata Laiye Qu Satoshi Kitaoka Makoto Watanabe Mitsutoshi Kitao Takayoshi Koike |
| author_sort | Yoko Watanabe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To elucidate changes in the defensive traits of tree seedlings under global environmental changes, we evaluated foliar defensive traits of the seedlings of successional trees, such as beech, oak, and magnolia grown in a natural-light phytotron. Potted seedlings were grown under the combination of two CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (360 vs. 720 ppm) and two nitrogen (N) treatments (4 vs. 15 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) for two growing seasons using quantitative chemical analyses and anatomical method. We hypothesized that the effects of CO<sub>2</sub> and N depend on the successional type, with late successional species providing greater defense of their leaves against herbivores, as this species exhibits determinate growth. Beech, a late successional species, responded the most to both elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and high N treatment. eCO<sub>2</sub> and low N supply enhanced the defensive traits, such as the high leaf mass per area (LMA), high carbon to N ratio (C/N ratio), and increase in the concentrations of total phenolic and condensed tannin in agreement with the carbon–nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. High N supply decreased the C/N ratio due to the high N uptake in beech leaves. Oak, a mid–late successional species, exhibited different responses from beech: eCO<sub>2</sub> enhanced the LMA, C/N ratio, and concentration of total phenolics of oak leaves, but only condensed tannin increased under high N supply. Magnolia did not respond to all treatments. No interactive effects were observed between CO<sub>2</sub> and N supply in all species, except for the concentration of total phenolics in oak. Although the amounts of phenolic compounds in beech and oak varied under eCO<sub>2</sub> and high N treatments, the distribution of these compounds did not change. Our results indicate that the changes in the defensive traits of forest tree species under eCO<sub>2</sub> with N loading are related to the successional type. |
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| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:39:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-628267f88ff8438fa344698506f269b52023-11-22T03:49:57ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072021-07-0112793910.3390/f12070939Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree SeedlingsYoko Watanabe0Kiyomi Hinata1Laiye Qu2Satoshi Kitaoka3Makoto Watanabe4Mitsutoshi Kitao5Takayoshi Koike6Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, JapanGraduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, JapanUrban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, JapanResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, JapanHokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, JapanResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, JapanTo elucidate changes in the defensive traits of tree seedlings under global environmental changes, we evaluated foliar defensive traits of the seedlings of successional trees, such as beech, oak, and magnolia grown in a natural-light phytotron. Potted seedlings were grown under the combination of two CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (360 vs. 720 ppm) and two nitrogen (N) treatments (4 vs. 15 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) for two growing seasons using quantitative chemical analyses and anatomical method. We hypothesized that the effects of CO<sub>2</sub> and N depend on the successional type, with late successional species providing greater defense of their leaves against herbivores, as this species exhibits determinate growth. Beech, a late successional species, responded the most to both elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and high N treatment. eCO<sub>2</sub> and low N supply enhanced the defensive traits, such as the high leaf mass per area (LMA), high carbon to N ratio (C/N ratio), and increase in the concentrations of total phenolic and condensed tannin in agreement with the carbon–nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. High N supply decreased the C/N ratio due to the high N uptake in beech leaves. Oak, a mid–late successional species, exhibited different responses from beech: eCO<sub>2</sub> enhanced the LMA, C/N ratio, and concentration of total phenolics of oak leaves, but only condensed tannin increased under high N supply. Magnolia did not respond to all treatments. No interactive effects were observed between CO<sub>2</sub> and N supply in all species, except for the concentration of total phenolics in oak. Although the amounts of phenolic compounds in beech and oak varied under eCO<sub>2</sub> and high N treatments, the distribution of these compounds did not change. Our results indicate that the changes in the defensive traits of forest tree species under eCO<sub>2</sub> with N loading are related to the successional type.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/7/939deciduous broad-leaved tree speciessuccessional speciescarbon–nutrient balance hypothesislocalizationplant defense chemicals |
| spellingShingle | Yoko Watanabe Kiyomi Hinata Laiye Qu Satoshi Kitaoka Makoto Watanabe Mitsutoshi Kitao Takayoshi Koike Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings Forests deciduous broad-leaved tree species successional species carbon–nutrient balance hypothesis localization plant defense chemicals |
| title | Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings |
| title_full | Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings |
| title_short | Effects of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Nitrogen Loading on the Defensive Traits of Three Successional Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings |
| title_sort | effects of elevated co sub 2 sub and nitrogen loading on the defensive traits of three successional deciduous broad leaved tree seedlings |
| topic | deciduous broad-leaved tree species successional species carbon–nutrient balance hypothesis localization plant defense chemicals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/7/939 |
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