Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece
<p>The evaluation of chemical transport models, CTMs, is essential for the assessment of their performance regarding the physical and chemical parameterizations used. While regional CTMs have been widely used and evaluated over Europe, their validation over Greece is limited. In this study, we...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/5269/2021/acp-21-5269-2021.pdf |
| _version_ | 1830141184498991104 |
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| author | I. Skoulidou M.-E. Koukouli A. Manders A. Segers D. Karagkiozidis M. Gratsea D. Balis A. Bais E. Gerasopoulos T. Stavrakou J. van Geffen H. Eskes A. Richter |
| author_facet | I. Skoulidou M.-E. Koukouli A. Manders A. Segers D. Karagkiozidis M. Gratsea D. Balis A. Bais E. Gerasopoulos T. Stavrakou J. van Geffen H. Eskes A. Richter |
| author_sort | I. Skoulidou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The evaluation of chemical transport models, CTMs, is
essential for the assessment of their performance regarding the physical and
chemical parameterizations used. While regional CTMs have been widely used
and evaluated over Europe, their validation over Greece is limited. In this
study, we investigate the performance of the Long Term Ozone Simulation
European Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) v2.2.001 regional chemical transport
model in simulating nitrogen dioxide, NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, over Greece from June to
December 2018. In situ NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> measurements obtained from 14 stations
of the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network are compared with surface
simulations over the two major cities of Greece, Athens and Thessaloniki.
Overall the LOTOS-EUROS NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> surface simulations compare very well to
the in situ measurements showing a mild underestimation of the measurements
with a mean relative bias of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="13608f3dc1bc69445c2e36410c40a5f7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00001.svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" src="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> %, a high spatial
correlation coefficient of 0.86 and an average temporal correlation of 0.52.
The CTM underestimates the NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> surface concentrations during daytime by
<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">50</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="14b9b639daf2a06845c53389ea229fd7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00002.svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" src="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 15 %, while it slightly overestimates during
night-time <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 10 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 35 %. Furthermore, the LOTOS-EUROS
tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> columns are evaluated against ground-based multi-axis
differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>
measurements in Athens and Thessaloniki. We report that the CTM tropospheric
NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> column simulations over both urban and rural locations represent
the diurnal patterns and hourly levels for both summer and winter seasons
satisfactorily. The relative biases range between <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> <span class="inline-formula">−</span>2 % and
<span class="inline-formula">−</span>35 %, depending on season and relative NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> load observed. Finally,
the CTM was assessed also against space-borne Sentinel-5
Precursor (S5P) carrying the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>
observations. We conclude that LOTOS-EUROS simulates extremely well the
tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> patterns over the region with very high spatial
correlation of 0.82 on average, ranging between 0.66 and 0.95, with negative biases in the summer and positive in the winter.
Updated emissions for the simulations and model improvements when extreme
values of boundary layer height are encountered are further suggested.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T09:15:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-62e925d5c147484880c02babe273c572 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T09:15:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-62e925d5c147484880c02babe273c5722022-12-21T21:54:59ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242021-04-01215269528810.5194/acp-21-5269-2021Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over GreeceI. Skoulidou0M.-E. Koukouli1A. Manders2A. Segers3D. Karagkiozidis4M. Gratsea5D. Balis6A. Bais7E. Gerasopoulos8T. Stavrakou9J. van Geffen10H. Eskes11A. Richter12Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceTNO, Climate, Air and Sustainability, Utrecht, the NetherlandsTNO, Climate, Air and Sustainability, Utrecht, the NetherlandsLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceInstitute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceInstitute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, GreeceRoyal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the NetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the NetherlandsInstitute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany<p>The evaluation of chemical transport models, CTMs, is essential for the assessment of their performance regarding the physical and chemical parameterizations used. While regional CTMs have been widely used and evaluated over Europe, their validation over Greece is limited. In this study, we investigate the performance of the Long Term Ozone Simulation European Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) v2.2.001 regional chemical transport model in simulating nitrogen dioxide, NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, over Greece from June to December 2018. In situ NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> measurements obtained from 14 stations of the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network are compared with surface simulations over the two major cities of Greece, Athens and Thessaloniki. Overall the LOTOS-EUROS NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> surface simulations compare very well to the in situ measurements showing a mild underestimation of the measurements with a mean relative bias of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="13608f3dc1bc69445c2e36410c40a5f7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00001.svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" src="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> %, a high spatial correlation coefficient of 0.86 and an average temporal correlation of 0.52. The CTM underestimates the NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> surface concentrations during daytime by <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">50</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="14b9b639daf2a06845c53389ea229fd7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00002.svg" width="32pt" height="10pt" src="acp-21-5269-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 15 %, while it slightly overestimates during night-time <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 10 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 35 %. Furthermore, the LOTOS-EUROS tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> columns are evaluated against ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> measurements in Athens and Thessaloniki. We report that the CTM tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> column simulations over both urban and rural locations represent the diurnal patterns and hourly levels for both summer and winter seasons satisfactorily. The relative biases range between <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> <span class="inline-formula">−</span>2 % and <span class="inline-formula">−</span>35 %, depending on season and relative NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> load observed. Finally, the CTM was assessed also against space-borne Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) carrying the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> observations. We conclude that LOTOS-EUROS simulates extremely well the tropospheric NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> patterns over the region with very high spatial correlation of 0.82 on average, ranging between 0.66 and 0.95, with negative biases in the summer and positive in the winter. Updated emissions for the simulations and model improvements when extreme values of boundary layer height are encountered are further suggested.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/5269/2021/acp-21-5269-2021.pdf |
| spellingShingle | I. Skoulidou M.-E. Koukouli A. Manders A. Segers D. Karagkiozidis M. Gratsea D. Balis A. Bais E. Gerasopoulos T. Stavrakou J. van Geffen H. Eskes A. Richter Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece |
| title_full | Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece |
| title_short | Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece |
| title_sort | evaluation of the lotos euros no sub 2 sub simulations using ground based measurements and s5p tropomi observations over greece |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/5269/2021/acp-21-5269-2021.pdf |
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