Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway
Background Melatonin, a neurohormone, maybe involved in physiological processes, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and hair growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on proliferation and intracellular signaling in DP cells using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid...
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PeerJ Inc.
2022-05-01
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| author | Sowon Bae Yoo Gyeong Yoon Ji Yea Kim In-Chul Park Sungkwan An Jae Ho Lee Seunghee Bae |
| author_facet | Sowon Bae Yoo Gyeong Yoon Ji Yea Kim In-Chul Park Sungkwan An Jae Ho Lee Seunghee Bae |
| author_sort | Sowon Bae |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Melatonin, a neurohormone, maybe involved in physiological processes, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and hair growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on proliferation and intracellular signaling in DP cells using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture system that mimics the in vivo hair follicle system. Methods DP cells were incubated in monolayer (2D) and 3D spheroid culture systems. The expression levels of melatonin receptors in DP cells were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The effect of melatonin on the hair-inductive property of DP cells was analyzed using a WST-1-based proliferation assay, determination of DP spheroid size, expression analysis of DP signature genes, and determination of β-catenin stabilization in DP cells. The AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway associated with melatonin-induced β-catenin stabilization in DP cells was investigated by analyzing changes in upstream regulator proteins, including AKT, GSK3β, and their phosphorylated forms. Results The expression levels of the melatonin receptors were higher in human DP cells than in human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblast cells. Comparing the expression level according to the human DP cell culture condition, melatonin receptor expression was upregulated in the 3D culture system compared to the traditional two-dimensional monolayer culture system. Cell viability analysis showed that melatonin concentrations up to 1 mM did not affect cell viability. Moreover, melatonin increased the diameter of DP cell 3D spheroids in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin upregulated the expression of hair growth-related genes, including alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein 2, versican, and wingless-int 5A, in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner. Cell fractionation analysis showed that melatonin increased the nuclear localization of β-catenin. This result correlated with the increased transcriptional activation of T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor-responsive luciferase induced by melatonin treatment. Interestingly, melatonin induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase B/AKT at serine 473 residue and GSK-3β at serine 9 residue. To determine whether AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 induced β-catenin nuclear translocation through GSK3β phosphorylation at serine 9, the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was cotreated with melatonin. Immunoblotting showed that LY294002 inhibited melatonin-induced phosphorylation of GSK3β at serine 9 residue and β-catenin activation. Conclusion Collectively, this report suggests that melatonin promotes growth properties by activating the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway through melatonin receptors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T08:08:36Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T08:08:36Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-62ff698494704bf8a8fa62cbcbf751872023-12-02T23:34:34ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592022-05-0110e1346110.7717/peerj.13461Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathwaySowon Bae0Yoo Gyeong Yoon1Ji Yea Kim2In-Chul Park3Sungkwan An4Jae Ho Lee5Seunghee Bae6Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDivision of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDivision of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaBackground Melatonin, a neurohormone, maybe involved in physiological processes, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and hair growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on proliferation and intracellular signaling in DP cells using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture system that mimics the in vivo hair follicle system. Methods DP cells were incubated in monolayer (2D) and 3D spheroid culture systems. The expression levels of melatonin receptors in DP cells were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The effect of melatonin on the hair-inductive property of DP cells was analyzed using a WST-1-based proliferation assay, determination of DP spheroid size, expression analysis of DP signature genes, and determination of β-catenin stabilization in DP cells. The AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway associated with melatonin-induced β-catenin stabilization in DP cells was investigated by analyzing changes in upstream regulator proteins, including AKT, GSK3β, and their phosphorylated forms. Results The expression levels of the melatonin receptors were higher in human DP cells than in human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblast cells. Comparing the expression level according to the human DP cell culture condition, melatonin receptor expression was upregulated in the 3D culture system compared to the traditional two-dimensional monolayer culture system. Cell viability analysis showed that melatonin concentrations up to 1 mM did not affect cell viability. Moreover, melatonin increased the diameter of DP cell 3D spheroids in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin upregulated the expression of hair growth-related genes, including alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein 2, versican, and wingless-int 5A, in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner. Cell fractionation analysis showed that melatonin increased the nuclear localization of β-catenin. This result correlated with the increased transcriptional activation of T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor-responsive luciferase induced by melatonin treatment. Interestingly, melatonin induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase B/AKT at serine 473 residue and GSK-3β at serine 9 residue. To determine whether AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 induced β-catenin nuclear translocation through GSK3β phosphorylation at serine 9, the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was cotreated with melatonin. Immunoblotting showed that LY294002 inhibited melatonin-induced phosphorylation of GSK3β at serine 9 residue and β-catenin activation. Conclusion Collectively, this report suggests that melatonin promotes growth properties by activating the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway through melatonin receptors.https://peerj.com/articles/13461.pdfMelatoninHair growth propertyDermal papilla cellsAKTGSK3ββ-catenin |
| spellingShingle | Sowon Bae Yoo Gyeong Yoon Ji Yea Kim In-Chul Park Sungkwan An Jae Ho Lee Seunghee Bae Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway PeerJ Melatonin Hair growth property Dermal papilla cells AKT GSK3β β-catenin |
| title | Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway |
| title_full | Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway |
| title_fullStr | Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway |
| title_full_unstemmed | Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway |
| title_short | Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway |
| title_sort | melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating akt gsk3β β catenin signaling pathway |
| topic | Melatonin Hair growth property Dermal papilla cells AKT GSK3β β-catenin |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/13461.pdf |
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