Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region
Landslides cause ecosystem degradation; they can significantly alter and deteriorate the soil quality. The analysis of deterioration in soil quality is critical as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent revegetation and management of forest. The effects of landslides on the natural environment...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Land |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/10/1819 |
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| author | Deepesh Goyal Varun Joshi Neha Gupta Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto |
| author_facet | Deepesh Goyal Varun Joshi Neha Gupta Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto |
| author_sort | Deepesh Goyal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Landslides cause ecosystem degradation; they can significantly alter and deteriorate the soil quality. The analysis of deterioration in soil quality is critical as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent revegetation and management of forest. The effects of landslides on the natural environment (losses of soil resources), on the other hand, have received little consideration. Such information about the status of loss of soil resources in the landslide–disturbed areas of the Garhwal Himalayas is lacking. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the changes in soil quality restoration after the occurrence of landslides. A chronosequence of four landslide disturbed sites, L<sub>6</sub>–6–year–old, L<sub>16</sub>–16–year–old, L<sub>21</sub>–21–year–old and L<sub>26</sub>–26–year–old, was selected in the Alaknanda watershed of Uttarakhand. Seventy–six samples have been collected from the four landslide sites and a reference site (undisturbed site). The sites L<sub>6</sub> and L<sub>16</sub> are considered as recent landslide sites, whereas L<sub>21</sub> and L<sub>26</sub> are considered as old landslide sites. Entisols (Lithic–Udorthents) predominate in all the studied sites. The results have demonstrated that with the increasing age of landslides, the soil quality progressively improves with time, and the concentration of soil nutrients, viz., available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK) and mineralisable nitrogen (MN), in old landslide sites reaches to about 84%, 87% and 97%, respectively, of the reference site. Soil Quality Index (SQI) scores have been calculated using the Integrated Quality Index (IQI) equation. The disturbed sites L<sub>6</sub>, L<sub>16</sub>, L<sub>21</sub> and L<sub>26</sub> and the reference site have SQI scores of 0.136, 0.279, 0.447, 0.604 and 0.882, respectively. However, significant differences exist between the SQI of all the studied sites (<i>p</i> < 0.05, Tukey’s HSD), which implies that the concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC) and available nutrients was reduced due to the occurrence of landslides. The results also suggested that SOC, AP and clay fraction can be considered important evaluation indicators to assess soil quality and development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:56:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-63106ec72aa540eab79468ae99a99ce9 |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:56:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-63106ec72aa540eab79468ae99a99ce92023-11-24T00:54:17ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2022-10-011110181910.3390/land11101819Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan RegionDeepesh Goyal0Varun Joshi1Neha Gupta2Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto3University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110078, IndiaUniversity School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110078, IndiaInstitute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, IndiaGeobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalLandslides cause ecosystem degradation; they can significantly alter and deteriorate the soil quality. The analysis of deterioration in soil quality is critical as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent revegetation and management of forest. The effects of landslides on the natural environment (losses of soil resources), on the other hand, have received little consideration. Such information about the status of loss of soil resources in the landslide–disturbed areas of the Garhwal Himalayas is lacking. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the changes in soil quality restoration after the occurrence of landslides. A chronosequence of four landslide disturbed sites, L<sub>6</sub>–6–year–old, L<sub>16</sub>–16–year–old, L<sub>21</sub>–21–year–old and L<sub>26</sub>–26–year–old, was selected in the Alaknanda watershed of Uttarakhand. Seventy–six samples have been collected from the four landslide sites and a reference site (undisturbed site). The sites L<sub>6</sub> and L<sub>16</sub> are considered as recent landslide sites, whereas L<sub>21</sub> and L<sub>26</sub> are considered as old landslide sites. Entisols (Lithic–Udorthents) predominate in all the studied sites. The results have demonstrated that with the increasing age of landslides, the soil quality progressively improves with time, and the concentration of soil nutrients, viz., available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK) and mineralisable nitrogen (MN), in old landslide sites reaches to about 84%, 87% and 97%, respectively, of the reference site. Soil Quality Index (SQI) scores have been calculated using the Integrated Quality Index (IQI) equation. The disturbed sites L<sub>6</sub>, L<sub>16</sub>, L<sub>21</sub> and L<sub>26</sub> and the reference site have SQI scores of 0.136, 0.279, 0.447, 0.604 and 0.882, respectively. However, significant differences exist between the SQI of all the studied sites (<i>p</i> < 0.05, Tukey’s HSD), which implies that the concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC) and available nutrients was reduced due to the occurrence of landslides. The results also suggested that SOC, AP and clay fraction can be considered important evaluation indicators to assess soil quality and development.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/10/1819ecosystem degradationsoil indicatorsrecoveryGarhwal Himalayassoil quality index (SQI) |
| spellingShingle | Deepesh Goyal Varun Joshi Neha Gupta Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region Land ecosystem degradation soil indicators recovery Garhwal Himalayas soil quality index (SQI) |
| title | Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region |
| title_full | Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region |
| title_fullStr | Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region |
| title_short | Soil Quality Assessment in a Landslide Chronosequence of Indian Himalayan Region |
| title_sort | soil quality assessment in a landslide chronosequence of indian himalayan region |
| topic | ecosystem degradation soil indicators recovery Garhwal Himalayas soil quality index (SQI) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/10/1819 |
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