Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes
The double-flowered lily ‘Red Twin’, in which stamens are transformed into petaloid organs, sometimes exhibits normal stamens owing to an unknown mechanism and thus greatly affecting its commercial quality. In this study, the morphogenesis of stamens and petaloid stamens in this cultivar grown under...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/12/1184 |
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| author | Xin Li Zhen Wang Minmin Chen Liuyan Yang Yongchun Zhang |
| author_facet | Xin Li Zhen Wang Minmin Chen Liuyan Yang Yongchun Zhang |
| author_sort | Xin Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The double-flowered lily ‘Red Twin’, in which stamens are transformed into petaloid organs, sometimes exhibits normal stamens owing to an unknown mechanism and thus greatly affecting its commercial quality. In this study, the morphogenesis of stamens and petaloid stamens in this cultivar grown under different temperature treatments were investigated. Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes were isolated and their expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that relatively high temperatures induced the morphogenesis of stamens, while relatively low temperatures promoted petaloidy in ‘Red Twin’. The stage with 1–6 mm flower buds was identified as the critical development period for stamen morphogenesis; furthermore, keeping the flower buds under relatively low temperatures in the 1–3 or 3–6 mm stages would be sufficient for the formation of petaloid stamens to a high degree. In addition, <i>LrtAG1</i> and <i>LrtAG2</i> showed the highest expression level in whorls 3 and 4 of 3–6 mm flower buds, respectively. <i>LrtAG1</i> showed a higher reduction ratio than <i>LrtAG2</i> when the flower buds were transferred to low temperature, implying that the decreased <i>LrtAG1</i> expression level is associated with low temperature and might be correlated with the petaloidy of the stamens. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:21:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-638f66bf621e432ea4080f9f541dc7eb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:21:41Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-638f66bf621e432ea4080f9f541dc7eb2023-11-24T15:16:03ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242022-12-01812118410.3390/horticulturae8121184Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These ProcessesXin Li0Zhen Wang1Minmin Chen2Liuyan Yang3Yongchun Zhang4Forest & Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201400, ChinaForest & Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201400, ChinaForest & Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201400, ChinaForest & Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201400, ChinaForest & Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201400, ChinaThe double-flowered lily ‘Red Twin’, in which stamens are transformed into petaloid organs, sometimes exhibits normal stamens owing to an unknown mechanism and thus greatly affecting its commercial quality. In this study, the morphogenesis of stamens and petaloid stamens in this cultivar grown under different temperature treatments were investigated. Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes were isolated and their expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that relatively high temperatures induced the morphogenesis of stamens, while relatively low temperatures promoted petaloidy in ‘Red Twin’. The stage with 1–6 mm flower buds was identified as the critical development period for stamen morphogenesis; furthermore, keeping the flower buds under relatively low temperatures in the 1–3 or 3–6 mm stages would be sufficient for the formation of petaloid stamens to a high degree. In addition, <i>LrtAG1</i> and <i>LrtAG2</i> showed the highest expression level in whorls 3 and 4 of 3–6 mm flower buds, respectively. <i>LrtAG1</i> showed a higher reduction ratio than <i>LrtAG2</i> when the flower buds were transferred to low temperature, implying that the decreased <i>LrtAG1</i> expression level is associated with low temperature and might be correlated with the petaloidy of the stamens.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/12/1184<i>Lilium</i>double flowerpetaloid stamensmorphogenesistemperature<i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes |
| spellingShingle | Xin Li Zhen Wang Minmin Chen Liuyan Yang Yongchun Zhang Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes Horticulturae <i>Lilium</i> double flower petaloid stamens morphogenesis temperature <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes |
| title | Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes |
| title_full | Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes |
| title_fullStr | Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes |
| title_short | Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in <i>Lilium hybrid</i> ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like Genes Linked to These Processes |
| title_sort | morphogenesis of stamens and petaloid stamens in i lilium hybrid i red twin under different temperatures and the expression characteristics of two i agamous i like genes linked to these processes |
| topic | <i>Lilium</i> double flower petaloid stamens morphogenesis temperature <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/12/1184 |
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