Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism
Herbicide safeners selectively protect crops from herbicide injury while maintaining the herbicidal effect on the target weed. To some extent, the detoxification of herbicides is related to the effect of herbicide safeners on the level and activity of herbicide target enzymes. In this work, the expr...
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MDPI AG
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/17/3060 |
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| author | Shuang Gao Yan-Yan Liu Jing-Yu Jiang Ying Fu Li-Xia Zhao Chun-Yan Li Fei Ye |
| author_facet | Shuang Gao Yan-Yan Liu Jing-Yu Jiang Ying Fu Li-Xia Zhao Chun-Yan Li Fei Ye |
| author_sort | Shuang Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Herbicide safeners selectively protect crops from herbicide injury while maintaining the herbicidal effect on the target weed. To some extent, the detoxification of herbicides is related to the effect of herbicide safeners on the level and activity of herbicide target enzymes. In this work, the expression of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) and antioxidant enzyme activities in maize seedlings were studied in the presence of three potential herbicide safeners: 3-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine and its two optical isomers. Further, the protective effect of chiral herbicide safeners on detoxifying chlorsulfuron in maize was evaluated. All safeners increased the expression levels of herbicide detoxifying enzymes, including GST, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) to reduce sulfonylurea herbicide phytotoxicity in maize seedlings. Our results indicate that the <i>R</i>-isomer of 3-(dichloroacetyl)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine can induce glutathione (GSH) production, GST activity, and the ability of GST to react with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) in maize, meaning that the <i>R</i>-isomer can protect maize from damage by chlorsulfuron. Information about antioxidative enzyme activity was obtained to determine the role of chiral safeners in overcoming the oxidative stress in maize attributed to herbicides. The interaction of safeners and active target sites of acetolactate synthase (ALS) was demonstrated by molecular docking modeling, which indicated that both isomers could form a good interaction with ALS. Our findings suggest that the detoxification mechanism of chiral safeners might involve the induction of the activity of herbicide detoxifying enzymes as well as the completion of the target active site between the safener and chlorsulfuron. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T02:05:40Z |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-639842f074094ba08a3f50d0c494fa692022-12-22T03:52:33ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-08-012417306010.3390/molecules24173060molecules24173060Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification MechanismShuang Gao0Yan-Yan Liu1Jing-Yu Jiang2Ying Fu3Li-Xia Zhao4Chun-Yan Li5Fei Ye6College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaHerbicide safeners selectively protect crops from herbicide injury while maintaining the herbicidal effect on the target weed. To some extent, the detoxification of herbicides is related to the effect of herbicide safeners on the level and activity of herbicide target enzymes. In this work, the expression of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) and antioxidant enzyme activities in maize seedlings were studied in the presence of three potential herbicide safeners: 3-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine and its two optical isomers. Further, the protective effect of chiral herbicide safeners on detoxifying chlorsulfuron in maize was evaluated. All safeners increased the expression levels of herbicide detoxifying enzymes, including GST, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) to reduce sulfonylurea herbicide phytotoxicity in maize seedlings. Our results indicate that the <i>R</i>-isomer of 3-(dichloroacetyl)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine can induce glutathione (GSH) production, GST activity, and the ability of GST to react with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) in maize, meaning that the <i>R</i>-isomer can protect maize from damage by chlorsulfuron. Information about antioxidative enzyme activity was obtained to determine the role of chiral safeners in overcoming the oxidative stress in maize attributed to herbicides. The interaction of safeners and active target sites of acetolactate synthase (ALS) was demonstrated by molecular docking modeling, which indicated that both isomers could form a good interaction with ALS. Our findings suggest that the detoxification mechanism of chiral safeners might involve the induction of the activity of herbicide detoxifying enzymes as well as the completion of the target active site between the safener and chlorsulfuron.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/17/3060chiral safenerbiological activityantioxidative enzyme activityprotection mechanismchlorsulfuron |
| spellingShingle | Shuang Gao Yan-Yan Liu Jing-Yu Jiang Ying Fu Li-Xia Zhao Chun-Yan Li Fei Ye Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism Molecules chiral safener biological activity antioxidative enzyme activity protection mechanism chlorsulfuron |
| title | Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism |
| title_full | Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism |
| title_fullStr | Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism |
| title_short | Protective Responses Induced by Chiral 3-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Safeners in Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) and the Detoxification Mechanism |
| title_sort | protective responses induced by chiral 3 dichloroacetyl oxazolidine safeners in maize i zea mays l i and the detoxification mechanism |
| topic | chiral safener biological activity antioxidative enzyme activity protection mechanism chlorsulfuron |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/17/3060 |
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