A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats
Seafood is assumed to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, mainly based on plasma lipid lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, other plasma risk factors linked to cardiovascular disease are less studied. This study aimed to penetrate the effect of a...
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MDPI AG
2015-09-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/9/5706 |
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| author | Bodil Bjørndal Marie S. Ramsvik Carine Lindquist Jan E. Nordrehaug Inge Bruheim Asbjørn Svardal Ottar Nygård Rolf K. Berge |
| author_facet | Bodil Bjørndal Marie S. Ramsvik Carine Lindquist Jan E. Nordrehaug Inge Bruheim Asbjørn Svardal Ottar Nygård Rolf K. Berge |
| author_sort | Bodil Bjørndal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seafood is assumed to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, mainly based on plasma lipid lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, other plasma risk factors linked to cardiovascular disease are less studied. This study aimed to penetrate the effect of a phospholipid-protein complex (PPC) from Antarctic krill on one-carbon metabolism and production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed isoenergetic control, 6%, or 11% PPC diets for four weeks. Rats fed PPC had reduced total homocysteine plasma level and increased levels of choline, dimethylglycine and cysteine, whereas the plasma level of methionine was unchanged compared to control. PPC feeding increased the plasma level of TMAO, carnitine, its precursors trimethyllysine and γ-butyrobetaine. There was a close correlation between plasma TMAO and carnitine, trimethyllysine, and γ-butyrobetaine, but not between TMAO and choline. The present data suggest that PPC has a homocysteine lowering effect and is associated with altered plasma concentrations of metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism and B-vitamin status in rats. Moreover, the present study reveals a non-obligatory role of gut microbiota in the increased plasma TMAO level as it can be explained by the PPC’s content of TMAO. The increased level of carnitine and carnitine precursors is interpreted to reflect increased carnitine biosynthesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:50:16Z |
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| id | doaj.art-639dbcd4604142c099f7ac052844787e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:50:16Z |
| publishDate | 2015-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-639dbcd4604142c099f7ac052844787e2022-12-22T02:07:02ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972015-09-011395706572110.3390/md13095706md13095706A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar RatsBodil Bjørndal0Marie S. Ramsvik1Carine Lindquist2Jan E. Nordrehaug3Inge Bruheim4Asbjørn Svardal5Ottar Nygård6Rolf K. Berge7Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayOlympic Seafood AS, N-6080 Fosnavaag, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwaySeafood is assumed to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, mainly based on plasma lipid lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, other plasma risk factors linked to cardiovascular disease are less studied. This study aimed to penetrate the effect of a phospholipid-protein complex (PPC) from Antarctic krill on one-carbon metabolism and production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed isoenergetic control, 6%, or 11% PPC diets for four weeks. Rats fed PPC had reduced total homocysteine plasma level and increased levels of choline, dimethylglycine and cysteine, whereas the plasma level of methionine was unchanged compared to control. PPC feeding increased the plasma level of TMAO, carnitine, its precursors trimethyllysine and γ-butyrobetaine. There was a close correlation between plasma TMAO and carnitine, trimethyllysine, and γ-butyrobetaine, but not between TMAO and choline. The present data suggest that PPC has a homocysteine lowering effect and is associated with altered plasma concentrations of metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism and B-vitamin status in rats. Moreover, the present study reveals a non-obligatory role of gut microbiota in the increased plasma TMAO level as it can be explained by the PPC’s content of TMAO. The increased level of carnitine and carnitine precursors is interpreted to reflect increased carnitine biosynthesis.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/9/5706phospholipid-protein complexOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsEuphausia superbaone-carbon metabolismhomocysteinetrimethylamine-N-oxidecarnitine |
| spellingShingle | Bodil Bjørndal Marie S. Ramsvik Carine Lindquist Jan E. Nordrehaug Inge Bruheim Asbjørn Svardal Ottar Nygård Rolf K. Berge A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats Marine Drugs phospholipid-protein complex Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Euphausia superba one-carbon metabolism homocysteine trimethylamine-N-oxide carnitine |
| title | A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats |
| title_full | A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats |
| title_fullStr | A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats |
| title_short | A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats |
| title_sort | phospholipid protein complex from antarctic krill reduced plasma homocysteine levels and increased plasma trimethylamine n oxide tmao and carnitine levels in male wistar rats |
| topic | phospholipid-protein complex Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Euphausia superba one-carbon metabolism homocysteine trimethylamine-N-oxide carnitine |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/9/5706 |
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