The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies
Most butterflies feed on nectar, while some saprophagous butterflies forage on various non-nectar foods. To date, little is known about the genomic and molecular shifts associated with the evolution of the saprophagous feeding strategy. Here, we assembled the high-quality chromosome-level genome of...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2087 |
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| author | Lu Zhao Xiao-Dong Li Tao Jiang Hang Wang Zhicuo Dan Sheng-Quan Xu De-Long Guan |
| author_facet | Lu Zhao Xiao-Dong Li Tao Jiang Hang Wang Zhicuo Dan Sheng-Quan Xu De-Long Guan |
| author_sort | Lu Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most butterflies feed on nectar, while some saprophagous butterflies forage on various non-nectar foods. To date, little is known about the genomic and molecular shifts associated with the evolution of the saprophagous feeding strategy. Here, we assembled the high-quality chromosome-level genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> to explore its saprophagous molecular and genetic mechanisms. This chromosome-level genome of <i>H</i>. <i>assimilis</i> is 412.82 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 15.70 Mb. In total, 98.11% of contigs were anchored to 30 chromosomes. Compared with <i>H. assimilis</i> and other Nymphalidae butterflies, the genes of metabolism and detoxification experienced expansions. We annotated 80 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the <i>H. assimilis</i> genome, among which genes belonging to the CYP4 subfamily were significantly expanded (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These P450 genes were unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated on chromosomes 6–9. We identified 33 olfactory receptor (OR), 20 odorant-binding protein (OBP), and six gustatory receptor (GR) genes in the <i>H. assimilis</i> genome, which were fewer than in the nectarivorous <i>Danaus plexippus</i>. A decreased number of OBP, OR, and GR genes implied that <i>H. assimilis</i> should resort less to olfaction and gustation than their nectarivorous counterparts, which need highly specialized olfactory and gustatory functions. Moreover, we found one site under positive selection occurred in residue 996 (phenylalanine) of GR genes exclusive to <i>H. assimilis</i>, which is conservative in most lineages. Our study provides support for the adaptive evolution of feeding habits in butterflies. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:42:50Z |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-63b1a6c088164167af3f4d14731f09122023-11-16T16:52:15ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-01-01243208710.3390/ijms24032087The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed ButterfliesLu Zhao0Xiao-Dong Li1Tao Jiang2Hang Wang3Zhicuo Dan4Sheng-Quan Xu5De-Long Guan6College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou 546300, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaMost butterflies feed on nectar, while some saprophagous butterflies forage on various non-nectar foods. To date, little is known about the genomic and molecular shifts associated with the evolution of the saprophagous feeding strategy. Here, we assembled the high-quality chromosome-level genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> to explore its saprophagous molecular and genetic mechanisms. This chromosome-level genome of <i>H</i>. <i>assimilis</i> is 412.82 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 15.70 Mb. In total, 98.11% of contigs were anchored to 30 chromosomes. Compared with <i>H. assimilis</i> and other Nymphalidae butterflies, the genes of metabolism and detoxification experienced expansions. We annotated 80 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the <i>H. assimilis</i> genome, among which genes belonging to the CYP4 subfamily were significantly expanded (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These P450 genes were unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated on chromosomes 6–9. We identified 33 olfactory receptor (OR), 20 odorant-binding protein (OBP), and six gustatory receptor (GR) genes in the <i>H. assimilis</i> genome, which were fewer than in the nectarivorous <i>Danaus plexippus</i>. A decreased number of OBP, OR, and GR genes implied that <i>H. assimilis</i> should resort less to olfaction and gustation than their nectarivorous counterparts, which need highly specialized olfactory and gustatory functions. Moreover, we found one site under positive selection occurred in residue 996 (phenylalanine) of GR genes exclusive to <i>H. assimilis</i>, which is conservative in most lineages. Our study provides support for the adaptive evolution of feeding habits in butterflies.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2087chromosome-level genomecomparative genomics<i>Hestina assimilis</i>CYP450chemoreceptionsaprophagy |
| spellingShingle | Lu Zhao Xiao-Dong Li Tao Jiang Hang Wang Zhicuo Dan Sheng-Quan Xu De-Long Guan The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies International Journal of Molecular Sciences chromosome-level genome comparative genomics <i>Hestina assimilis</i> CYP450 chemoreception saprophagy |
| title | The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies |
| title_full | The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies |
| title_fullStr | The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies |
| title_short | The Chromosome-Level Genome of <i>Hestina assimilis</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Reveals the Evolution of Saprophagy-Related Genes in Brush-Footed Butterflies |
| title_sort | chromosome level genome of i hestina assimilis i lepidoptera nymphalidae reveals the evolution of saprophagy related genes in brush footed butterflies |
| topic | chromosome-level genome comparative genomics <i>Hestina assimilis</i> CYP450 chemoreception saprophagy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2087 |
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