The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials
<b>Objective</b>: The objective of this study is to compare the bone induction of five kinds of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) biomaterials implanted in mice and explore the vascularization and particle-size-related osteoinductive mechanism. <b>Methods:</b> The following five kinds...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-05-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/10/3440 |
| _version_ | 1797498322002378752 |
|---|---|
| author | Yun He Yu Peng Lishuang Liu Sha Hou Junyu Mu Liang Lan Lijia Cheng Zheng Shi |
| author_facet | Yun He Yu Peng Lishuang Liu Sha Hou Junyu Mu Liang Lan Lijia Cheng Zheng Shi |
| author_sort | Yun He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Objective</b>: The objective of this study is to compare the bone induction of five kinds of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) biomaterials implanted in mice and explore the vascularization and particle-size-related osteoinductive mechanism. <b>Methods:</b> The following five kinds of Ca-P biomaterials including hydroxyapatite (HA) and/or tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were implanted in the muscle of 30 BALB/c mice (<i>n</i> = 6): 20 nm HA (20HA), 60 nm HA (60HA), 12 µm HA (12HA), 100 nm TCP (100TCP) and 12 µm HA + 100 nm TCP (HATCP). Then, all animals were put on a treadmill to run 30 min at a 6 m/h speed each day. Five and ten weeks later, three mice of each group were killed, and the samples were harvested to assess the osteoinductive effects by hematoxylin eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome and safranine–fast green stainings, and the immunohistochemistry of the angiogenesis and osteogenesis markers CD31 and type I collagen (ColI). <b>Results:</b> The numbers of blood vessels were 139 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>±</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>29</mn><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mn>118</mn><mo> </mo><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>25</mn><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mn>78</mn><mo> </mo><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>15</mn><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mn>65</mn><mo> </mo><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in groups HATCP, 100TCP, 60HA and 20HA, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of group 12HA (12 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>±</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> 5) in week 5 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The area percentages of new bone tissue were (7.33 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>±</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> 1.26)% and (8.49 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>1.38</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in groups 100TCP and HATCP, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in groups 20HA (3.27 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0.38</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 60HA (3.43 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0.27</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<i>p</i> < 0.05); however, no bone tissue was found in group 12HA 10 weeks after transplantation. The expression of CD31 was positive in new blood vessels, and the expression of ColI was positive in new bone tissue. <b>Conclusions:</b> Nanoscale Ca-P biomaterials could induce osteogenesis in mice muscle, and the osteoinductive effects of TCP were about 124% higher than those of 20HA and 114% higher than those of 60HA. The particle size of the biomaterials affected angiogenesis and osteogenesis. There was a positive correlation between the number of blood vessels and the area percentage of new bone tissue; therefore, osteoinduction is closely related to vascularization. Our results provide an experimental basis for the synthesis of calcium–phosphorus matrix composites and for further exploration of the osteoinductive mechanism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-63d71018bdca4fbda992c13687b11910 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-63d71018bdca4fbda992c13687b119102023-11-23T11:55:19ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-05-011510344010.3390/ma15103440The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate BiomaterialsYun He0Yu Peng1Lishuang Liu2Sha Hou3Junyu Mu4Liang Lan5Lijia Cheng6Zheng Shi7College of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Basic Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China<b>Objective</b>: The objective of this study is to compare the bone induction of five kinds of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) biomaterials implanted in mice and explore the vascularization and particle-size-related osteoinductive mechanism. <b>Methods:</b> The following five kinds of Ca-P biomaterials including hydroxyapatite (HA) and/or tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were implanted in the muscle of 30 BALB/c mice (<i>n</i> = 6): 20 nm HA (20HA), 60 nm HA (60HA), 12 µm HA (12HA), 100 nm TCP (100TCP) and 12 µm HA + 100 nm TCP (HATCP). Then, all animals were put on a treadmill to run 30 min at a 6 m/h speed each day. Five and ten weeks later, three mice of each group were killed, and the samples were harvested to assess the osteoinductive effects by hematoxylin eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome and safranine–fast green stainings, and the immunohistochemistry of the angiogenesis and osteogenesis markers CD31 and type I collagen (ColI). <b>Results:</b> The numbers of blood vessels were 139 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>±</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>29</mn><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mn>118</mn><mo> </mo><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>25</mn><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mn>78</mn><mo> </mo><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>15</mn><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mn>65</mn><mo> </mo><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in groups HATCP, 100TCP, 60HA and 20HA, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of group 12HA (12 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>±</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> 5) in week 5 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The area percentages of new bone tissue were (7.33 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>±</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> 1.26)% and (8.49 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>1.38</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in groups 100TCP and HATCP, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in groups 20HA (3.27 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0.38</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 60HA (3.43 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0.27</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<i>p</i> < 0.05); however, no bone tissue was found in group 12HA 10 weeks after transplantation. The expression of CD31 was positive in new blood vessels, and the expression of ColI was positive in new bone tissue. <b>Conclusions:</b> Nanoscale Ca-P biomaterials could induce osteogenesis in mice muscle, and the osteoinductive effects of TCP were about 124% higher than those of 20HA and 114% higher than those of 60HA. The particle size of the biomaterials affected angiogenesis and osteogenesis. There was a positive correlation between the number of blood vessels and the area percentage of new bone tissue; therefore, osteoinduction is closely related to vascularization. Our results provide an experimental basis for the synthesis of calcium–phosphorus matrix composites and for further exploration of the osteoinductive mechanism.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/10/3440hydroxyapatitetricalcium phosphateosteoinductionvascularizationnanoscale |
| spellingShingle | Yun He Yu Peng Lishuang Liu Sha Hou Junyu Mu Liang Lan Lijia Cheng Zheng Shi The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials Materials hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate osteoinduction vascularization nanoscale |
| title | The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials |
| title_full | The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials |
| title_fullStr | The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials |
| title_short | The Relationship between Osteoinduction and Vascularization: Comparing the Ectopic Bone Formation of Five Different Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials |
| title_sort | relationship between osteoinduction and vascularization comparing the ectopic bone formation of five different calcium phosphate biomaterials |
| topic | hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate osteoinduction vascularization nanoscale |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/10/3440 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yunhe therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT yupeng therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT lishuangliu therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT shahou therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT junyumu therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT lianglan therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT lijiacheng therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT zhengshi therelationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT yunhe relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT yupeng relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT lishuangliu relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT shahou relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT junyumu relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT lianglan relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT lijiacheng relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials AT zhengshi relationshipbetweenosteoinductionandvascularizationcomparingtheectopicboneformationoffivedifferentcalciumphosphatebiomaterials |