A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
Abstract Background Primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is thought to be multifactorial with roles for both genetic and environmental factors. The contributions of environmental factors remain unexplored. Objective Identify environmental and lifestyle exposures associated with primary hypoadrenocort...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16896 |
| _version_ | 1797248074370777088 |
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| author | Amy E. Treeful Kelly M. Searle Dana M. Carroll Kathleen J. Yost Anna L. Hedger Steven G. Friedenberg |
| author_facet | Amy E. Treeful Kelly M. Searle Dana M. Carroll Kathleen J. Yost Anna L. Hedger Steven G. Friedenberg |
| author_sort | Amy E. Treeful |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is thought to be multifactorial with roles for both genetic and environmental factors. The contributions of environmental factors remain unexplored. Objective Identify environmental and lifestyle exposures associated with primary hypoadrenocorticism in 2 dog breeds with high risk of developing the disease. Animals Animals were not used in this study. Owners of Standard Poodles (STPDs) and Portuguese water dogs (POWDs) participated in a survey. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. Dog owners were invited to participate in an online survey through convenience sampling. Questions regarded the demographics, health histories, and indoor/outdoor environments in which their dogs live and play. Responses for dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism were compared to those without the disease using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Five thousand forty‐seven responses (358 cases, 4689 controls) met initial inclusion criteria. Significant associations with modest effect size were found for community type, ingestion of canned food, and use of lawn fertilizer in some analysis models. Reproductive (spay/neuter) status exhibited the strongest association with high effect size across all models with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4‐4.5; P = .003) for spayed females and 6.0 (95% CI, 2.6‐13.9; P < .001) for neutered males. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The large effect size for reproductive status reflects its high potential clinical relevance, whereas modest effect sizes for other environmental variables suggest lower potential clinical relevance. These findings are associations and do not necessarily imply causation. Before any actionable recommendations are warranted, additional evidence regarding biological mechanisms is needed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:20:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-63e5ebc618874e4c86fe1b6924873655 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0891-6640 1939-1676 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T20:08:48Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-63e5ebc618874e4c86fe1b69248736552024-03-23T17:56:17ZengWileyJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine0891-66401939-16762023-11-013762073208310.1111/jvim.16896A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogsAmy E. Treeful0Kelly M. Searle1Dana M. Carroll2Kathleen J. Yost3Anna L. Hedger4Steven G. Friedenberg5Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USADivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USADivision of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USADepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USADepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USADepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USAAbstract Background Primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is thought to be multifactorial with roles for both genetic and environmental factors. The contributions of environmental factors remain unexplored. Objective Identify environmental and lifestyle exposures associated with primary hypoadrenocorticism in 2 dog breeds with high risk of developing the disease. Animals Animals were not used in this study. Owners of Standard Poodles (STPDs) and Portuguese water dogs (POWDs) participated in a survey. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. Dog owners were invited to participate in an online survey through convenience sampling. Questions regarded the demographics, health histories, and indoor/outdoor environments in which their dogs live and play. Responses for dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism were compared to those without the disease using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Five thousand forty‐seven responses (358 cases, 4689 controls) met initial inclusion criteria. Significant associations with modest effect size were found for community type, ingestion of canned food, and use of lawn fertilizer in some analysis models. Reproductive (spay/neuter) status exhibited the strongest association with high effect size across all models with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4‐4.5; P = .003) for spayed females and 6.0 (95% CI, 2.6‐13.9; P < .001) for neutered males. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The large effect size for reproductive status reflects its high potential clinical relevance, whereas modest effect sizes for other environmental variables suggest lower potential clinical relevance. These findings are associations and do not necessarily imply causation. Before any actionable recommendations are warranted, additional evidence regarding biological mechanisms is needed.https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16896Addison's diseaseautoimmune diseasedogsenvironmental exposuresprimary hypoadrenocorticismsurvey |
| spellingShingle | Amy E. Treeful Kelly M. Searle Dana M. Carroll Kathleen J. Yost Anna L. Hedger Steven G. Friedenberg A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Addison's disease autoimmune disease dogs environmental exposures primary hypoadrenocorticism survey |
| title | A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs |
| title_full | A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs |
| title_fullStr | A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs |
| title_full_unstemmed | A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs |
| title_short | A case‐control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs |
| title_sort | case control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs |
| topic | Addison's disease autoimmune disease dogs environmental exposures primary hypoadrenocorticism survey |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16896 |
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