Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity
Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side effects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NC...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/4851 |
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| author | Yen Pin Yew Kamyar Shameli Shaza Eva Mohamad Kar Xin Lee Sin-Yeang Teow |
| author_facet | Yen Pin Yew Kamyar Shameli Shaza Eva Mohamad Kar Xin Lee Sin-Yeang Teow |
| author_sort | Yen Pin Yew |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side effects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs) using a green method. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as matrix support, while Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan (CR) were used as filler and stabilizer, respectively. The combination of these materials resulted in a novel nanocomposite (MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs). A series of characterization experiments was conducted. The purity of MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the uniform and spherical shape of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs with an average particle size of 9.3 ± 1.2 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed an M<sub>s</sub> value of 2.16 emu/g with negligible coercivity which confirmed the superparamagnetic properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was loaded onto the MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs and a drug release study showed that 15% and 92% of PCA was released at pH 7.4 and 4.8, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs and MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PCA effectively killed HCT116 which is a colorectal cancer cell line. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen and the killing was enhanced two-fold by the PCA-loaded NCs (IC<sub>50</sub>–0.734 mg/mL) compared to the unloaded NCs (IC<sub>50</sub>–1.5 mg/mL). This study highlights the potential use of MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs as a biologically active pH-responsive drug delivery agent. Further investigations are warranted to delineate the mechanism of cell entry and cancer cell killing as well as to improve the therapeutic potential of MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:35:34Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:35:34Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-640b2cabccbd43ceb58cbfc4c06d125c2023-11-20T06:16:12ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-07-012114485110.3390/ijms21144851Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer ActivityYen Pin Yew0Kamyar Shameli1Shaza Eva Mohamad2Kar Xin Lee3Sin-Yeang Teow4Chemical Energy Conversion and Application (ChECA), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaChemical Energy Conversion and Application (ChECA), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaChemical Energy Conversion and Application (ChECA), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaChemical Energy Conversion and Application (ChECA), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Jalan, Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, MalaysiaDiscovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side effects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs) using a green method. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as matrix support, while Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan (CR) were used as filler and stabilizer, respectively. The combination of these materials resulted in a novel nanocomposite (MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs). A series of characterization experiments was conducted. The purity of MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the uniform and spherical shape of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs with an average particle size of 9.3 ± 1.2 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed an M<sub>s</sub> value of 2.16 emu/g with negligible coercivity which confirmed the superparamagnetic properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was loaded onto the MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs and a drug release study showed that 15% and 92% of PCA was released at pH 7.4 and 4.8, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs and MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PCA effectively killed HCT116 which is a colorectal cancer cell line. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen and the killing was enhanced two-fold by the PCA-loaded NCs (IC<sub>50</sub>–0.734 mg/mL) compared to the unloaded NCs (IC<sub>50</sub>–1.5 mg/mL). This study highlights the potential use of MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs as a biologically active pH-responsive drug delivery agent. Further investigations are warranted to delineate the mechanism of cell entry and cancer cell killing as well as to improve the therapeutic potential of MMT/CR/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NCs.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/4851anticancercarrageenaniron oxideFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocompositesmontmorilloniteprotocatechuic acid |
| spellingShingle | Yen Pin Yew Kamyar Shameli Shaza Eva Mohamad Kar Xin Lee Sin-Yeang Teow Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity International Journal of Molecular Sciences anticancer carrageenan iron oxide Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites montmorillonite protocatechuic acid |
| title | Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity |
| title_full | Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity |
| title_fullStr | Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity |
| title_short | Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity |
| title_sort | green synthesized montmorillonite carrageenan fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub nanocomposites for ph responsive release of protocatechuic acid and its anticancer activity |
| topic | anticancer carrageenan iron oxide Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites montmorillonite protocatechuic acid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/4851 |
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