Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020
Abstract Background Since the late twentieth century, Chagas disease gained global attention to suppress the vector burden as a main control strategy in endemic countries. In Central America, multi-national initiative successfully achieved significant reduction in the estimated disease prevalence as...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Infectious Diseases of Poverty |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-022-01008-5 |
| _version_ | 1798042453365751808 |
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| author | Marvin Stanley Rodríguez Yuko Nitahara Michelle Cornejo Kevin Siliezar Rafael Grande Ana González Kotaro Tasaki Yu Nakagama Yu Michimuko Yoko Onizuka Junko Nakajima-Shimada José Eduardo Romero José Ricardo Palacios Carmen Elena Arias William Mejía Yasutoshi Kido Ricardo Cardona Alvarenga |
| author_facet | Marvin Stanley Rodríguez Yuko Nitahara Michelle Cornejo Kevin Siliezar Rafael Grande Ana González Kotaro Tasaki Yu Nakagama Yu Michimuko Yoko Onizuka Junko Nakajima-Shimada José Eduardo Romero José Ricardo Palacios Carmen Elena Arias William Mejía Yasutoshi Kido Ricardo Cardona Alvarenga |
| author_sort | Marvin Stanley Rodríguez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Since the late twentieth century, Chagas disease gained global attention to suppress the vector burden as a main control strategy in endemic countries. In Central America, multi-national initiative successfully achieved significant reduction in the estimated disease prevalence as well as elimination of the region’s principal vector species at the time in 2012. While the last decade has witnessed significant changes in ecosystem—such as urbanization and replacement of the main vector species—that can possibly affect the vector’s habitation and residual transmission, the up-to-date vector burden in the region has not been evaluated thoroughly due to the cessation of active vector surveillance. The aim of this study was to update the risk of vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi infection in El Salvador, the top Chagas disease-endemic country in Central America. Methods A nationwide vector survey was conducted in the domestic environment of El Salvador from September 2018 to November 2020. The selection of the houses for inspection was based on expert purposeful sampling. Infection for T. cruzi was examined by microscopic observation of the insects’ feces, followed by a species confirmation using PCR. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.1.3. Proportion estimates with 95% confidence intervals were inferred using the Jeffrey’s method provided under the epiR package. Results A total of 1529 Triatoma dimidiata was captured from 107 houses (infestation rate, 34.4%; 107/311) in all the fourteen departments of the country visited within the period; prevalence of T. cruzi infection was as high as 10% (153/1529). In the country, domestic T. dimidiata infestation was distributed ubiquitously, while T. cruzi infection rates varied across the departments. Five out of fourteen departments showed higher infection rates than the average, suggesting sporadic high-risk areas in the country. Conclusions Our comprehensive study revealed substantial T. cruzi infection of T. dimidiata across the country, indicating potential active transmission of the disease. Therefore, strengthened surveillance for both vector and human infection is required to truly eliminate the risk of T. cruzi transmission in Central America. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:35:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6415e115a5f14bcb80bff8da596cf50b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2049-9957 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:35:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infectious Diseases of Poverty |
| spelling | doaj.art-6415e115a5f14bcb80bff8da596cf50b2022-12-22T03:59:13ZengBMCInfectious Diseases of Poverty2049-99572022-08-011111510.1186/s40249-022-01008-5Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020Marvin Stanley Rodríguez0Yuko Nitahara1Michelle Cornejo2Kevin Siliezar3Rafael Grande4Ana González5Kotaro Tasaki6Yu Nakagama7Yu Michimuko8Yoko Onizuka9Junko Nakajima-Shimada10José Eduardo Romero11José Ricardo Palacios12Carmen Elena Arias13William Mejía14Yasutoshi Kido15Ricardo Cardona Alvarenga16Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El SalvadorDepartment of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan UniversityCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El SalvadorCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El SalvadorCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El SalvadorCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El SalvadorNagasaki University School of MedicineDepartment of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan UniversityDepartment of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan UniversityGraduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma UniversityGraduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma UniversityMinisterio de SaludCentro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El SalvadorCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas de El SalvadorMinisterio de Educación, Ciencia y TecnologíaDepartment of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan UniversityMinisterio de Educación, Ciencia y TecnologíaAbstract Background Since the late twentieth century, Chagas disease gained global attention to suppress the vector burden as a main control strategy in endemic countries. In Central America, multi-national initiative successfully achieved significant reduction in the estimated disease prevalence as well as elimination of the region’s principal vector species at the time in 2012. While the last decade has witnessed significant changes in ecosystem—such as urbanization and replacement of the main vector species—that can possibly affect the vector’s habitation and residual transmission, the up-to-date vector burden in the region has not been evaluated thoroughly due to the cessation of active vector surveillance. The aim of this study was to update the risk of vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi infection in El Salvador, the top Chagas disease-endemic country in Central America. Methods A nationwide vector survey was conducted in the domestic environment of El Salvador from September 2018 to November 2020. The selection of the houses for inspection was based on expert purposeful sampling. Infection for T. cruzi was examined by microscopic observation of the insects’ feces, followed by a species confirmation using PCR. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.1.3. Proportion estimates with 95% confidence intervals were inferred using the Jeffrey’s method provided under the epiR package. Results A total of 1529 Triatoma dimidiata was captured from 107 houses (infestation rate, 34.4%; 107/311) in all the fourteen departments of the country visited within the period; prevalence of T. cruzi infection was as high as 10% (153/1529). In the country, domestic T. dimidiata infestation was distributed ubiquitously, while T. cruzi infection rates varied across the departments. Five out of fourteen departments showed higher infection rates than the average, suggesting sporadic high-risk areas in the country. Conclusions Our comprehensive study revealed substantial T. cruzi infection of T. dimidiata across the country, indicating potential active transmission of the disease. Therefore, strengthened surveillance for both vector and human infection is required to truly eliminate the risk of T. cruzi transmission in Central America.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-022-01008-5Chagas diseaseVector transmissionTriatomineTrypanosoma cruziTriatoma dimidiata |
| spellingShingle | Marvin Stanley Rodríguez Yuko Nitahara Michelle Cornejo Kevin Siliezar Rafael Grande Ana González Kotaro Tasaki Yu Nakagama Yu Michimuko Yoko Onizuka Junko Nakajima-Shimada José Eduardo Romero José Ricardo Palacios Carmen Elena Arias William Mejía Yasutoshi Kido Ricardo Cardona Alvarenga Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020 Infectious Diseases of Poverty Chagas disease Vector transmission Triatomine Trypanosoma cruzi Triatoma dimidiata |
| title | Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020 |
| title_full | Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020 |
| title_fullStr | Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020 |
| title_short | Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020 |
| title_sort | re emerging threat of trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in el salvador update from 2018 to 2020 |
| topic | Chagas disease Vector transmission Triatomine Trypanosoma cruzi Triatoma dimidiata |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-022-01008-5 |
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