Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>)
<i>Nosema ceranae</i> is one of the fungal parasites of <i>Apis mellifera</i>. It causes physical and behavioral effects in honey bees. However, only a few studies have reported on gene expression profiling during <i>A. mellifera</i> infection. In this study, the...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/8/716 |
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| author | Yi-Hsuan Li Zih-Ting Chang Ming-Ren Yen Yu-Feng Huang Tzu-Han Chen Ju-Chun Chang Ming-Cheng Wu Yu-Liang Yang Yue-Wen Chen Yu-Shin Nai |
| author_facet | Yi-Hsuan Li Zih-Ting Chang Ming-Ren Yen Yu-Feng Huang Tzu-Han Chen Ju-Chun Chang Ming-Cheng Wu Yu-Liang Yang Yue-Wen Chen Yu-Shin Nai |
| author_sort | Yi-Hsuan Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Nosema ceranae</i> is one of the fungal parasites of <i>Apis mellifera</i>. It causes physical and behavioral effects in honey bees. However, only a few studies have reported on gene expression profiling during <i>A. mellifera</i> infection. In this study, the transcriptome profile of mature spores at each time point of infection (5, 10, and 20 days post-infection, d.p.i.) were investigated. Based on the transcriptome and expression profile analysis, a total of 878, 952, and 981 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ −2) were identified in <i>N. ceranae</i> spores (NcSp) at 5 d.p.i., 10 d.p.i., and 20 d.p.i., respectively. Moreover, 70 upregulated genes and 340 downregulated genes among common DEGs (so-called common DEGs) and 166 stage-specific genes at each stage of infection were identified. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the DEGs and corresponding common DEGs are involved in the functions of cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), and ATP binding (GO:0005524). Furthermore, the pathway analysis found that the DEGs and common DEGs are involved in metabolism, environmental information processing, and organismal systems. Four upregulated common DEGs with higher fold-change values, highly associated with spore proteins and transcription factors, were selected for validation. In addition, the stage-specific genes are highly involved in the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing according to GO enrichment analysis; thus, three of them showed high expression at each d.p.i. and were also subjected to validation. The relative gene expression levels showed a similar tendency as the transcriptome predictions at different d.p.i., revealing that the gene expression of <i>N. ceranae</i> during infection may be related to the mechanism of gene transcription, protein synthesis, and structural proteins. Our data suggest that the gene expression profiling of <i>N. ceranae</i> at the transcriptomic level could be a reference for the monitoring of nosemosis at the genetic level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:13:21Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-641a8624826840ffbe7d7dc0f6d163022023-11-30T21:39:08ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502022-08-0113871610.3390/insects13080716Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>)Yi-Hsuan Li0Zih-Ting Chang1Ming-Ren Yen2Yu-Feng Huang3Tzu-Han Chen4Ju-Chun Chang5Ming-Cheng Wu6Yu-Liang Yang7Yue-Wen Chen8Yu-Shin Nai9Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yi-Lan City 26047, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, TaiwanAgricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, TaiwanDepartment of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yi-Lan City 26047, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan<i>Nosema ceranae</i> is one of the fungal parasites of <i>Apis mellifera</i>. It causes physical and behavioral effects in honey bees. However, only a few studies have reported on gene expression profiling during <i>A. mellifera</i> infection. In this study, the transcriptome profile of mature spores at each time point of infection (5, 10, and 20 days post-infection, d.p.i.) were investigated. Based on the transcriptome and expression profile analysis, a total of 878, 952, and 981 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ −2) were identified in <i>N. ceranae</i> spores (NcSp) at 5 d.p.i., 10 d.p.i., and 20 d.p.i., respectively. Moreover, 70 upregulated genes and 340 downregulated genes among common DEGs (so-called common DEGs) and 166 stage-specific genes at each stage of infection were identified. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the DEGs and corresponding common DEGs are involved in the functions of cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), and ATP binding (GO:0005524). Furthermore, the pathway analysis found that the DEGs and common DEGs are involved in metabolism, environmental information processing, and organismal systems. Four upregulated common DEGs with higher fold-change values, highly associated with spore proteins and transcription factors, were selected for validation. In addition, the stage-specific genes are highly involved in the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing according to GO enrichment analysis; thus, three of them showed high expression at each d.p.i. and were also subjected to validation. The relative gene expression levels showed a similar tendency as the transcriptome predictions at different d.p.i., revealing that the gene expression of <i>N. ceranae</i> during infection may be related to the mechanism of gene transcription, protein synthesis, and structural proteins. Our data suggest that the gene expression profiling of <i>N. ceranae</i> at the transcriptomic level could be a reference for the monitoring of nosemosis at the genetic level.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/8/716common DEGsstage-specific genestranscriptome<i>Nosema ceranae</i><i>Apis mellifera</i> |
| spellingShingle | Yi-Hsuan Li Zih-Ting Chang Ming-Ren Yen Yu-Feng Huang Tzu-Han Chen Ju-Chun Chang Ming-Cheng Wu Yu-Liang Yang Yue-Wen Chen Yu-Shin Nai Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) Insects common DEGs stage-specific genes transcriptome <i>Nosema ceranae</i> <i>Apis mellifera</i> |
| title | Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) |
| title_full | Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) |
| title_short | Transcriptome of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and Upregulated Microsporidia Genes during Its Infection of Western Honey Bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) |
| title_sort | transcriptome of i nosema ceranae i and upregulated microsporidia genes during its infection of western honey bee i apis mellifera i |
| topic | common DEGs stage-specific genes transcriptome <i>Nosema ceranae</i> <i>Apis mellifera</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/8/716 |
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