Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak
COVID-19 that broke out at the end of 2019 made countries to implement strict blockade measures to curb the spread of the virus. These measures have seriously disrupted the coal import and export trade, causing a significant impact on the coal trade network. This study aims to investigate the dispar...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Energy Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1230191/full |
| _version_ | 1797670716099788800 |
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| author | Jingying Zhao Hui Huang |
| author_facet | Jingying Zhao Hui Huang |
| author_sort | Jingying Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | COVID-19 that broke out at the end of 2019 made countries to implement strict blockade measures to curb the spread of the virus. These measures have seriously disrupted the coal import and export trade, causing a significant impact on the coal trade network. This study aims to investigate the disparities between coal trade networks before and after COVID-19 outbreak. First, using complex network theory, we constructed global coal trade networks for the years 2019 and 2020. Subsequently, utilizing a cascading failure model, we developed a coal supply risk propagation framework. Through an analysis of network topology and theoretical supply risk propagation, we explored the similarities and differences of the coal trade networks during these 2 years. In terms of network topology structure, our findings reveal a decrease in trade tightness in the coal trade network of 2020 compared to 2019. Moreover, the Netherlands no longer retains its significance as an important trade hub country in 2020. Looking at the theoretical perspective of supply risk transmission, we observed that in 2020, COVID-19 resulted in a higher number of countries experiencing crisis outbreaks compared to 2019. However, it is noteworthy that the core countries within the coal trade network have remained consistent, and their roles as either net importers or net exporters have not changed. This indicates that the position of coal core countries is very stable. Therefore, no matter what happens, the country should pay timely attention to the dynamics of core countries. Interestingly, in 2020, the risk associated with coal supply did not conform to the spatial patterns typically seen in trade. For instance, the Russian Federation, identified as a country facing a crisis outbreak, transmits supply risks to geographically distant regions in West Asia, including countries like Ghana and Western Sahara. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T21:03:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6424ef309a5d41d6aad95c043045539c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-598X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T21:03:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Energy Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-6424ef309a5d41d6aad95c043045539c2023-09-29T15:58:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Energy Research2296-598X2023-09-011110.3389/fenrg.2023.12301911230191Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreakJingying ZhaoHui HuangCOVID-19 that broke out at the end of 2019 made countries to implement strict blockade measures to curb the spread of the virus. These measures have seriously disrupted the coal import and export trade, causing a significant impact on the coal trade network. This study aims to investigate the disparities between coal trade networks before and after COVID-19 outbreak. First, using complex network theory, we constructed global coal trade networks for the years 2019 and 2020. Subsequently, utilizing a cascading failure model, we developed a coal supply risk propagation framework. Through an analysis of network topology and theoretical supply risk propagation, we explored the similarities and differences of the coal trade networks during these 2 years. In terms of network topology structure, our findings reveal a decrease in trade tightness in the coal trade network of 2020 compared to 2019. Moreover, the Netherlands no longer retains its significance as an important trade hub country in 2020. Looking at the theoretical perspective of supply risk transmission, we observed that in 2020, COVID-19 resulted in a higher number of countries experiencing crisis outbreaks compared to 2019. However, it is noteworthy that the core countries within the coal trade network have remained consistent, and their roles as either net importers or net exporters have not changed. This indicates that the position of coal core countries is very stable. Therefore, no matter what happens, the country should pay timely attention to the dynamics of core countries. Interestingly, in 2020, the risk associated with coal supply did not conform to the spatial patterns typically seen in trade. For instance, the Russian Federation, identified as a country facing a crisis outbreak, transmits supply risks to geographically distant regions in West Asia, including countries like Ghana and Western Sahara.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1230191/fullcoal tradecascading failurerisk propagationCOVID-19coal supply risk |
| spellingShingle | Jingying Zhao Hui Huang Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak Frontiers in Energy Research coal trade cascading failure risk propagation COVID-19 coal supply risk |
| title | Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak |
| title_full | Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak |
| title_fullStr | Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak |
| title_short | Comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after COVID-19 outbreak |
| title_sort | comparative study on the international coal trade network before and after covid 19 outbreak |
| topic | coal trade cascading failure risk propagation COVID-19 coal supply risk |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1230191/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jingyingzhao comparativestudyontheinternationalcoaltradenetworkbeforeandaftercovid19outbreak AT huihuang comparativestudyontheinternationalcoaltradenetworkbeforeandaftercovid19outbreak |