Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6745 |
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| author | Yueyue Wang Yufeng Shi Kaiyuan Li Dong Yang Nana Liu Lingjie Zhang Lei Zhao Xinfu Zhang Yajun Liu Liping Gao Tao Xia Peiqiang Wang |
| author_facet | Yueyue Wang Yufeng Shi Kaiyuan Li Dong Yang Nana Liu Lingjie Zhang Lei Zhao Xinfu Zhang Yajun Liu Liping Gao Tao Xia Peiqiang Wang |
| author_sort | Yueyue Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:54:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-642f02506ce249bfabb6ae247b4f04d1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:54:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-642f02506ce249bfabb6ae247b4f04d12023-11-22T21:25:55ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-11-012621674510.3390/molecules26216745Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANSYueyue Wang0Yufeng Shi1Kaiyuan Li2Dong Yang3Nana Liu4Lingjie Zhang5Lei Zhao6Xinfu Zhang7Yajun Liu8Liping Gao9Tao Xia10Peiqiang Wang11College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaThe 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/67452-OGDsoxidation reactionsfunctional redundancyevolutionary relationshipflavonoid pathway |
| spellingShingle | Yueyue Wang Yufeng Shi Kaiyuan Li Dong Yang Nana Liu Lingjie Zhang Lei Zhao Xinfu Zhang Yajun Liu Liping Gao Tao Xia Peiqiang Wang Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS Molecules 2-OGDs oxidation reactions functional redundancy evolutionary relationship flavonoid pathway |
| title | Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS |
| title_full | Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS |
| title_fullStr | Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS |
| title_short | Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS |
| title_sort | roles of the 2 oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase superfamily in the flavonoid pathway a review of the functional diversity of f3h fns i fls and ldox ans |
| topic | 2-OGDs oxidation reactions functional redundancy evolutionary relationship flavonoid pathway |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6745 |
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