Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3
Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 cell-immobilized beads in natural gel sodium alginate decolorized the xylidine orange dye 1-(dimethylphenylazo)-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid sodium salt in the laboratory. Optimal conditions were selected for decolorization and the products formed were evaluated for toxici...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2017-02-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/2/30 |
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| author | Prabha Devi Solimabi Wahidullah Farhan Sheikh Rochelle Pereira Niteen Narkhede Divya Amonkar Supriya Tilvi Ram Murthy Meena |
| author_facet | Prabha Devi Solimabi Wahidullah Farhan Sheikh Rochelle Pereira Niteen Narkhede Divya Amonkar Supriya Tilvi Ram Murthy Meena |
| author_sort | Prabha Devi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 cell-immobilized beads in natural gel sodium alginate decolorized the xylidine orange dye 1-(dimethylphenylazo)-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid sodium salt in the laboratory. Optimal conditions were selected for decolorization and the products formed were evaluated for toxicity by disc diffusion assay against common marine bacteria which revealed the non-toxic nature of the dye-degraded products. Decolorization of the brightly colored dye to colorless products was measured on an Ultra Violet-Vis spectrophotometer and its biodegradation products monitored on Thin Layer Chromatographic plate and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the metabolites formed in the decolorized medium were characterized by mass spectrometry. This analysis confirms the conversion of the parent molecule into lower molecular weight aromatic phenols and sulfonic acids as the final products of biotransformation. Based on the results, the probable degradation products of xylidine orange were naphthol, naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid, 2-6-dihydroxynaphthalene, and bis-dinaphthylether. Thus, it may be concluded that the degradation pathway of the dye involved (a) reduction of its azo group by azoreductase enzyme (b) dimerization of the hydrazo compound followed by (c) degradation of monohydrazo as well as dimeric metabolites into low molecular weight aromatics. Finally, it may be worth exploring the possibility of commercially utilizing L. sphaericus D3 for industrial applications for treating large-scale dye waste water. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:10:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-645d6b8fe86d49bd9979b16c475e3de0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:10:40Z |
| publishDate | 2017-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-645d6b8fe86d49bd9979b16c475e3de02022-12-22T04:27:29ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972017-02-011523010.3390/md15020030md15020030Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3Prabha Devi0Solimabi Wahidullah1Farhan Sheikh2Rochelle Pereira3Niteen Narkhede4Divya Amonkar5Supriya Tilvi6Ram Murthy Meena7Bioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaBioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaBioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaBioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaCSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Mumbai 400053, IndiaBioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaBioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaBioorganic Chemistry Lab., Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, IndiaLysinibacillus sphaericus D3 cell-immobilized beads in natural gel sodium alginate decolorized the xylidine orange dye 1-(dimethylphenylazo)-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid sodium salt in the laboratory. Optimal conditions were selected for decolorization and the products formed were evaluated for toxicity by disc diffusion assay against common marine bacteria which revealed the non-toxic nature of the dye-degraded products. Decolorization of the brightly colored dye to colorless products was measured on an Ultra Violet-Vis spectrophotometer and its biodegradation products monitored on Thin Layer Chromatographic plate and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the metabolites formed in the decolorized medium were characterized by mass spectrometry. This analysis confirms the conversion of the parent molecule into lower molecular weight aromatic phenols and sulfonic acids as the final products of biotransformation. Based on the results, the probable degradation products of xylidine orange were naphthol, naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid, 2-6-dihydroxynaphthalene, and bis-dinaphthylether. Thus, it may be concluded that the degradation pathway of the dye involved (a) reduction of its azo group by azoreductase enzyme (b) dimerization of the hydrazo compound followed by (c) degradation of monohydrazo as well as dimeric metabolites into low molecular weight aromatics. Finally, it may be worth exploring the possibility of commercially utilizing L. sphaericus D3 for industrial applications for treating large-scale dye waste water.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/2/30sponge-associated bacteriabiotechnological applicationanalytical biotechnologyalginate-immobilized bacteria |
| spellingShingle | Prabha Devi Solimabi Wahidullah Farhan Sheikh Rochelle Pereira Niteen Narkhede Divya Amonkar Supriya Tilvi Ram Murthy Meena Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 Marine Drugs sponge-associated bacteria biotechnological application analytical biotechnology alginate-immobilized bacteria |
| title | Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 |
| title_full | Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 |
| title_fullStr | Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 |
| title_short | Biotransformation and Detoxification of Xylidine Orange Dye Using Immobilized Cells of Marine-Derived Lysinibacillus sphaericus D3 |
| title_sort | biotransformation and detoxification of xylidine orange dye using immobilized cells of marine derived lysinibacillus sphaericus d3 |
| topic | sponge-associated bacteria biotechnological application analytical biotechnology alginate-immobilized bacteria |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/2/30 |
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