Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol
Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAR) are two major diterpenes of the rosemary plant (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>). They possess a phenolic structural moiety and are endowed with the power to remove cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) either through direct scavenging reaction or ind...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/2/545 |
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| author | Solomon Habtemariam |
| author_facet | Solomon Habtemariam |
| author_sort | Solomon Habtemariam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAR) are two major diterpenes of the rosemary plant (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>). They possess a phenolic structural moiety and are endowed with the power to remove cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) either through direct scavenging reaction or indirectly through upregulation of antioxidant defences. Hand in hand with these activities are their multiple biological effects and therapeutic potential orchestrated through modulating various signalling pathways of inflammation, including the NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2, SIRT1, STAT3 and NLRP3 inflammasomes, among others. Consequently, they ameliorate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6), adhesion molecules, chemokines and prostaglandins. These anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action as a therapeutic link to various effects of these compounds, as in many other natural products, are scrutinised. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:06:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-649beb1ff73f4d1fbcc2c151cc87abfa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:06:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-649beb1ff73f4d1fbcc2c151cc87abfa2023-11-16T19:19:48ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-02-0111254510.3390/biomedicines11020545Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and CarnosolSolomon Habtemariam0Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UKCarnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAR) are two major diterpenes of the rosemary plant (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>). They possess a phenolic structural moiety and are endowed with the power to remove cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) either through direct scavenging reaction or indirectly through upregulation of antioxidant defences. Hand in hand with these activities are their multiple biological effects and therapeutic potential orchestrated through modulating various signalling pathways of inflammation, including the NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2, SIRT1, STAT3 and NLRP3 inflammasomes, among others. Consequently, they ameliorate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6), adhesion molecules, chemokines and prostaglandins. These anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action as a therapeutic link to various effects of these compounds, as in many other natural products, are scrutinised.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/2/545rosemaryditerpenescarnosic acidcarnosolinflammationMAPK |
| spellingShingle | Solomon Habtemariam Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol Biomedicines rosemary diterpenes carnosic acid carnosol inflammation MAPK |
| title | Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol |
| title_full | Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol |
| title_short | Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol |
| title_sort | anti inflammatory therapeutic mechanisms of natural products insight from rosemary diterpenes carnosic acid and carnosol |
| topic | rosemary diterpenes carnosic acid carnosol inflammation MAPK |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/2/545 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT solomonhabtemariam antiinflammatorytherapeuticmechanismsofnaturalproductsinsightfromrosemaryditerpenescarnosicacidandcarnosol |