Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations
The concentrations of major, trace (TE), and rare earth (REE) elements and their seasonal and spatial distribution were studied on the fine fraction (<63 µm) of the sediments of the Lomé lagoons (West Lake, East Lake, and Lake Bè). The sediments were collected on a total of nine sampling sites (t...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3026 |
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| author | Tchaa Esso-Essinam Badassan Akouvi Massan Duanyawo Avumadi Kamilou Ouro-Sama Kissao Gnandi Séverine Jean-Dupuy Jean-Luc Probst |
| author_facet | Tchaa Esso-Essinam Badassan Akouvi Massan Duanyawo Avumadi Kamilou Ouro-Sama Kissao Gnandi Séverine Jean-Dupuy Jean-Luc Probst |
| author_sort | Tchaa Esso-Essinam Badassan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The concentrations of major, trace (TE), and rare earth (REE) elements and their seasonal and spatial distribution were studied on the fine fraction (<63 µm) of the sediments of the Lomé lagoons (West Lake, East Lake, and Lake Bè). The sediments were collected on a total of nine sampling sites (three per Lake) during two campaigns (dry season and rainy season). The quality of the sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment factor (EF) and the labile or non-residual fraction (NRF) in relation to the values recommended for the quality of the sediments (Sediment Quality Guidelines, SQG). The distribution of rare earth elements shows enrichments in light rare earths superior to those of heavy rare earth elements during any season. Positive Ce anomalies are less noticeable and less variable between seasons than Eu anomalies. La/Yb ratios are positively correlated with the percentage of Al and Fe oxides and with the percentage of fine fractions. The main bearing phases of rare earth elements are, therefore, Al and Fe oxides and the finest fractions of the sediments. The concentrations of trace elements vary little, according to the seasons, but show strong variations from one element to another. The degrees of enrichment obtained are moderate for Bi, Cr, Ga, Mo, Pb, Sn, and Zn (1.5 < EF < 5) to significant for As, Cd, and Sb (5 < EF < 20) for all sites of Lake Bè. For the sites of West Lake, the degrees of enrichment obtained are moderate for As, Cd, Cu, Mo, and Pb (1.5 < EF < 5) to a significance for As, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn (5 < EF < 20). Only the East Lake sites show high degrees of enrichment for elements such as Sb and Sn (20 < EF < 40). Trace elements (TE) such as As, Cd, Cu, and Ni have total concentrations within the range of variation of the SQG concentrations (particularly Probable Effect Level (PEL) and Effect Range Median (ERM)), whereas Cr, Pb, and Zn total concentrations are higher. The ranking of priority sites with respect to the sediment contamination is determined according to ERM and PEL quotients in relation to the probability of toxicity for benthic organisms. For almost all the sites, the priority is lowest to medium-low with regard to As, Cd, and Cu and medium-high (Cr and Ni) to highest (Pb and Zn), particularly for the East and West Lakes. Moreover, the NRF can represent significant percentages of the total TE concentrations: 5% to 15% for As, Bi, Ni, V, Mo, and Sc, 15% to 25% for Co, Cu, and Sr, 25% to 40% for Pb and Zn and, lastly, 47% to 55% for Cd. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:16:51Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:16:51Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-64aa6262e9334b7186700cadb174c6942023-11-20T18:52:14ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-10-011211302610.3390/w12113026Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element ConcentrationsTchaa Esso-Essinam Badassan0Akouvi Massan Duanyawo Avumadi1Kamilou Ouro-Sama2Kissao Gnandi3Séverine Jean-Dupuy4Jean-Luc Probst5Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Campus ENSAT, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, FranceLaboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Campus ENSAT, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, FranceLaboratory Gestion Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets (GTVD), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé B.P 1515, TogoLaboratory Gestion Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets (GTVD), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé B.P 1515, TogoLaboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Campus ENSAT, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, FranceLaboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Campus ENSAT, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, FranceThe concentrations of major, trace (TE), and rare earth (REE) elements and their seasonal and spatial distribution were studied on the fine fraction (<63 µm) of the sediments of the Lomé lagoons (West Lake, East Lake, and Lake Bè). The sediments were collected on a total of nine sampling sites (three per Lake) during two campaigns (dry season and rainy season). The quality of the sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment factor (EF) and the labile or non-residual fraction (NRF) in relation to the values recommended for the quality of the sediments (Sediment Quality Guidelines, SQG). The distribution of rare earth elements shows enrichments in light rare earths superior to those of heavy rare earth elements during any season. Positive Ce anomalies are less noticeable and less variable between seasons than Eu anomalies. La/Yb ratios are positively correlated with the percentage of Al and Fe oxides and with the percentage of fine fractions. The main bearing phases of rare earth elements are, therefore, Al and Fe oxides and the finest fractions of the sediments. The concentrations of trace elements vary little, according to the seasons, but show strong variations from one element to another. The degrees of enrichment obtained are moderate for Bi, Cr, Ga, Mo, Pb, Sn, and Zn (1.5 < EF < 5) to significant for As, Cd, and Sb (5 < EF < 20) for all sites of Lake Bè. For the sites of West Lake, the degrees of enrichment obtained are moderate for As, Cd, Cu, Mo, and Pb (1.5 < EF < 5) to a significance for As, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn (5 < EF < 20). Only the East Lake sites show high degrees of enrichment for elements such as Sb and Sn (20 < EF < 40). Trace elements (TE) such as As, Cd, Cu, and Ni have total concentrations within the range of variation of the SQG concentrations (particularly Probable Effect Level (PEL) and Effect Range Median (ERM)), whereas Cr, Pb, and Zn total concentrations are higher. The ranking of priority sites with respect to the sediment contamination is determined according to ERM and PEL quotients in relation to the probability of toxicity for benthic organisms. For almost all the sites, the priority is lowest to medium-low with regard to As, Cd, and Cu and medium-high (Cr and Ni) to highest (Pb and Zn), particularly for the East and West Lakes. Moreover, the NRF can represent significant percentages of the total TE concentrations: 5% to 15% for As, Bi, Ni, V, Mo, and Sc, 15% to 25% for Co, Cu, and Sr, 25% to 40% for Pb and Zn and, lastly, 47% to 55% for Cd.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3026bottom sedimentstrace elementsrare earth elementsseasonal variationslabile fractionsenrichment factor |
| spellingShingle | Tchaa Esso-Essinam Badassan Akouvi Massan Duanyawo Avumadi Kamilou Ouro-Sama Kissao Gnandi Séverine Jean-Dupuy Jean-Luc Probst Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations Water bottom sediments trace elements rare earth elements seasonal variations labile fractions enrichment factor |
| title | Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations |
| title_full | Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations |
| title_fullStr | Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations |
| title_short | Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations |
| title_sort | geochemical composition of the lome lagoon sediments togo seasonal and spatial variations of major trace and rare earth element concentrations |
| topic | bottom sediments trace elements rare earth elements seasonal variations labile fractions enrichment factor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3026 |
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