pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose
Inspired by plant movements driven by the arrangement of cellulose, we have fabricated nanopapers of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) showing actuation under pH changes. Bending was achieved by a concentration gradient of charged groups along the film thickness. Hence, the resulting nanopapers contai...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/7/1380 |
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| author | Maud Chemin Baptiste Beaumal Bernard Cathala Ana Villares |
| author_facet | Maud Chemin Baptiste Beaumal Bernard Cathala Ana Villares |
| author_sort | Maud Chemin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inspired by plant movements driven by the arrangement of cellulose, we have fabricated nanopapers of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) showing actuation under pH changes. Bending was achieved by a concentration gradient of charged groups along the film thickness. Hence, the resulting nanopapers contained higher concentration of charged groups on one side of the film than on the opposite side, so that pH changes resulted in charge-dependent asymmetric deprotonation of the two layers. Electrostatic repulsions separate the nanofibers in the nanopaper, thus facilitating an asymmetric swelling and the subsequent expanding that results in bending. Nanofibrillated cellulose was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation at two reaction times to get different surface concentrations of carboxylic acid groups. TEMPO-oxidized NFC was further chemically transformed into amine-modified NFC by amidation. The formation of graded nanopapers was accomplished by successive filtration of NFC dispersions with varying charge nature and/or concentration. The extent of bending was controlled by the charge concentration and the nanopaper thickness. The direction of bending was tuned by the layer composition (carboxylic acid or amine groups). In all cases, a steady-state was achieved within less than 25 s. This work opens new routes for the use of cellulosic materials as actuators. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:27:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-64adea214d9540b2a9a2f68e5a7a85a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:27:38Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-64adea214d9540b2a9a2f68e5a7a85a22023-11-20T06:50:39ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912020-07-01107138010.3390/nano10071380pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated CelluloseMaud Chemin0Baptiste Beaumal1Bernard Cathala2Ana Villares3French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), UR Biopolymer, Interactions, Assemblies (BIA), F-44316 Nantes, FranceFrench National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), UR Biopolymer, Interactions, Assemblies (BIA), F-44316 Nantes, FranceFrench National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), UR Biopolymer, Interactions, Assemblies (BIA), F-44316 Nantes, FranceFrench National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), UR Biopolymer, Interactions, Assemblies (BIA), F-44316 Nantes, FranceInspired by plant movements driven by the arrangement of cellulose, we have fabricated nanopapers of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) showing actuation under pH changes. Bending was achieved by a concentration gradient of charged groups along the film thickness. Hence, the resulting nanopapers contained higher concentration of charged groups on one side of the film than on the opposite side, so that pH changes resulted in charge-dependent asymmetric deprotonation of the two layers. Electrostatic repulsions separate the nanofibers in the nanopaper, thus facilitating an asymmetric swelling and the subsequent expanding that results in bending. Nanofibrillated cellulose was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation at two reaction times to get different surface concentrations of carboxylic acid groups. TEMPO-oxidized NFC was further chemically transformed into amine-modified NFC by amidation. The formation of graded nanopapers was accomplished by successive filtration of NFC dispersions with varying charge nature and/or concentration. The extent of bending was controlled by the charge concentration and the nanopaper thickness. The direction of bending was tuned by the layer composition (carboxylic acid or amine groups). In all cases, a steady-state was achieved within less than 25 s. This work opens new routes for the use of cellulosic materials as actuators.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/7/1380nanocellulosecellulose nanofiberfilmactuatorbending |
| spellingShingle | Maud Chemin Baptiste Beaumal Bernard Cathala Ana Villares pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose Nanomaterials nanocellulose cellulose nanofiber film actuator bending |
| title | pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose |
| title_full | pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose |
| title_fullStr | pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose |
| title_full_unstemmed | pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose |
| title_short | pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose |
| title_sort | ph responsive properties of asymmetric nanopapers of nanofibrillated cellulose |
| topic | nanocellulose cellulose nanofiber film actuator bending |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/7/1380 |
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