The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has become the largest and most diverse to threaten the health of humanity since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Methods: This study involved 113 women who had suffered from COVID-19. The study was conducted as interviews with each woman during visits to a clinic prior...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/15/4991 |
| _version_ | 1797586521880002560 |
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| author | Grzegorz Błażejewski Joanna Witkoś |
| author_facet | Grzegorz Błażejewski Joanna Witkoś |
| author_sort | Grzegorz Błażejewski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has become the largest and most diverse to threaten the health of humanity since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Methods: This study involved 113 women who had suffered from COVID-19. The study was conducted as interviews with each woman during visits to a clinic prior to the start of their post-COVID-19 physiotherapy treatment cycle. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of changes in the women’s monthly cycles related to COVID-19, as well as to analyse correlations between dependent variables relating to changes in the monthly cycle and independent variables relating to other factors, such as age, weight, number and type of vaccinations, and time since illness. Additionally, the study assesses correlations between the monthly cycle and COVID-19 symptoms persisting after the illness (long COVID). Results: Women who reported more symptoms of COVID-19 were more likely to report changes in their menstrual cycle occurring after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared with women whose disease course was mild. Women who declared that COVID-19 affected their monthly cycles most often indicated increases in abdominal, lower abdominal, and joint and muscle pain, as well as in the severity of headaches during monthly bleeding. A small percentage of women indicated that their monthly cycles were longer and their regularity disrupted. Conclusions: This study shows that the more COVID-19 symptoms a woman had, the more often there were noted changes in monthly cycle. The same relationship was also found for persistent long COVID symptoms. The longer the time lapse since the COVID-19 infection, the less frequently changes in the monthly cycle were recorded. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:24:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-64b51fa47d5f4cd1b96095c091aa1504 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:24:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-64b51fa47d5f4cd1b96095c091aa15042023-11-18T23:07:55ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-07-011215499110.3390/jcm12154991The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in WomenGrzegorz Błażejewski0Joanna Witkoś1Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, G. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego, Street 1, 30-705 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Medicine and Health Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, G. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego, Street 1, 30-705 Kraków, PolandBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic has become the largest and most diverse to threaten the health of humanity since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Methods: This study involved 113 women who had suffered from COVID-19. The study was conducted as interviews with each woman during visits to a clinic prior to the start of their post-COVID-19 physiotherapy treatment cycle. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of changes in the women’s monthly cycles related to COVID-19, as well as to analyse correlations between dependent variables relating to changes in the monthly cycle and independent variables relating to other factors, such as age, weight, number and type of vaccinations, and time since illness. Additionally, the study assesses correlations between the monthly cycle and COVID-19 symptoms persisting after the illness (long COVID). Results: Women who reported more symptoms of COVID-19 were more likely to report changes in their menstrual cycle occurring after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared with women whose disease course was mild. Women who declared that COVID-19 affected their monthly cycles most often indicated increases in abdominal, lower abdominal, and joint and muscle pain, as well as in the severity of headaches during monthly bleeding. A small percentage of women indicated that their monthly cycles were longer and their regularity disrupted. Conclusions: This study shows that the more COVID-19 symptoms a woman had, the more often there were noted changes in monthly cycle. The same relationship was also found for persistent long COVID symptoms. The longer the time lapse since the COVID-19 infection, the less frequently changes in the monthly cycle were recorded.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/15/4991menstrual disordersCOVID-19long COVIDCOVID-19 vaccinewomen |
| spellingShingle | Grzegorz Błażejewski Joanna Witkoś The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women Journal of Clinical Medicine menstrual disorders COVID-19 long COVID COVID-19 vaccine women |
| title | The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women |
| title_full | The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women |
| title_short | The Impact of COVID-19 on Menstrual Cycle in Women |
| title_sort | impact of covid 19 on menstrual cycle in women |
| topic | menstrual disorders COVID-19 long COVID COVID-19 vaccine women |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/15/4991 |
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